plans: scheme-on-sx progress log — 11 phases done, 296 tests

Loop closer documenting what 10 feature commits landed across the
session. Phase-by-phase outcomes captured, including the SX cond
multi-expression bug found and fixed during Phase 4.

Chisel ledger:
- env.sx already EXTRACTED with Scheme as third consumer
- evaluator.sx + quoting.sx second-consumer-ready for follow-on
  kit-extraction commits
- hygiene.sx still awaits the deferred Phase 6c (scope-set work)
- combiner.sx and short-circuit.sx don't apply (Scheme has no
  fexprs and uses syntactic and/or)

Deferred phases listed: full hygiene, nested quasi-depth, R7RS
module rich features, dotted-pair syntax, full call/cc-wind
interaction.

Loop's defining feature: lib/guest CHISELLING discipline — every
commit had a chisel note, and the cumulative work satisfies the
two-consumer rule for three new kit extractions.

hosts/javascript/platform.py

@@ -1129,6 +1129,7 @@ PRIMITIVES_JS_MODULES: dict[str, str] = {
   PRIMITIVES["boolean?"] = function(x) { return x === true || x === false; };
   PRIMITIVES["symbol?"] = function(x) { return x != null && x._sym === true; };
   PRIMITIVES["keyword?"] = function(x) { return x != null && x._kw === true; };
+  PRIMITIVES["adt?"] = function(x) { return x !== null && typeof x === "object" && x._adtv === true; };
   PRIMITIVES["component-affinity"] = componentAffinity;
 ''',
 
@@ -1475,6 +1476,22 @@ PRIMITIVES_JS_MODULES: dict[str, str] = {
   };
   PRIMITIVES["string-buffer->string"] = function(buf) { return buf.parts.join(""); };
   PRIMITIVES["string-buffer-length"] = function(buf) { return buf.len; };
+
+  // Short aliases — terser names; append accepts any value
+  PRIMITIVES["make-buffer"] = function() { return new SxStringBuffer(); };
+  PRIMITIVES["buffer?"] = function(x) { return x instanceof SxStringBuffer; };
+  PRIMITIVES["buffer-append!"] = function(buf, v) {
+    var s;
+    if (v === null || v === undefined || v === NIL) s = "";
+    else if (typeof v === "string") s = v;
+    else if (typeof v === "boolean") s = v ? "true" : "false";
+    else if (typeof v === "number") s = String(v);
+    else if (v && typeof v === "object" && typeof v.name === "string" && v.constructor && v.constructor.name === "Symbol") s = v.name;
+    else s = (typeof inspect === "function") ? inspect(v) : String(v);
+    buf.parts.push(s); buf.len += s.length; return NIL;
+  };
+  PRIMITIVES["buffer->string"] = function(buf) { return buf.parts.join(""); };
+  PRIMITIVES["buffer-length"] = function(buf) { return buf.len; };
 ''',
 
     "stdlib.format": '''
@@ -1933,12 +1950,30 @@ PLATFORM_JS_PRE = '''
     if (x._regexp) return "regexp";
     if (x._bytevector) return "bytevector";
     if (x._rational) return "rational";
+    if (x._adtv) return x._type;
     if (typeof Node !== "undefined" && x instanceof Node) return "dom-node";
     if (Array.isArray(x)) return "list";
     if (typeof x === "object") return "dict";
     return "unknown";
   }
 
+  // AdtValue — native algebraic data type instance (Step 6 mirror of OCaml Step 5).
+  // Constructed by define-type. Carries _adt:true plus _adtv:true tag so type-of
+  // returns the type name rather than "dict". dict? remains true (shim approach)
+  // so spec-level match-pattern in evaluator.sx works without changes.
+  function makeAdtValue(typeName, ctorName, fields) {
+    return {
+      _adtv: true,
+      _adt: true,
+      _type: typeName,
+      _ctor: ctorName,
+      _fields: fields
+    };
+  }
+  function isAdtValue(x) {
+    return x !== null && typeof x === "object" && x._adtv === true;
+  }
+
   function symbolName(s) { return s.name; }
   function keywordName(k) { return k.name; }
   function makeSymbol(n) { return new Symbol(n); }
@@ -2105,6 +2140,13 @@ PLATFORM_JS_PRE = '''
   // hostError — throw a host-level error that propagates out of cekRun.
   function hostError(msg) { throw new Error(typeof msg === "string" ? msg : inspect(msg)); }
 
+  // hostWarn — emit a host-level warning to console (no-op if console missing).
+  function hostWarn(msg) {
+    var m = typeof msg === "string" ? msg : inspect(msg);
+    if (typeof console !== "undefined" && console.warn) console.warn(m);
+    return NIL;
+  }
+
   // Render dispatch — call the active adapter's render function.
   // Set by each adapter when loaded; defaults to identity (no rendering).
   var _renderExprFn = null;
@@ -2126,7 +2168,16 @@ PLATFORM_JS_PRE = '''
   }
 
   function error(msg) { throw new Error(msg); }
-  function inspect(x) { return JSON.stringify(x); }
+  function inspect(x) {
+    if (x !== null && typeof x === "object" && x._adtv === true) {
+      var fs = x._fields || [];
+      if (fs.length === 0) return "(" + x._ctor + ")";
+      var parts = [];
+      for (var i = 0; i < fs.length; i++) parts.push(inspect(fs[i]));
+      return "(" + x._ctor + " " + parts.join(" ") + ")";
+    }
+    return JSON.stringify(x);
+  }
   function debugLog() { console.error.apply(console, ["[sx-debug]"].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments))); }
 
 '''
@@ -2450,6 +2501,7 @@ CEK_FIXUPS_JS = '''
   // Platform functions — defined in platform_js.py, not in .sx spec files.
   // Spec defines self-register via js-emit-define; these are the platform interface.
   PRIMITIVES["type-of"] = typeOf;
+  PRIMITIVES["inspect"] = inspect;
   PRIMITIVES["symbol-name"] = symbolName;
   PRIMITIVES["keyword-name"] = keywordName;
   PRIMITIVES["callable?"] = isCallable;
@@ -3981,6 +4033,11 @@ def fixups_js(has_html, has_sx, has_dom, has_signals=False, has_deps=False, has_
   // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
   PRIMITIVES["error"] = function(msg) { throw new Error(msg); };
   PRIMITIVES["host-error"] = function(msg) { throw new Error(typeof msg === "string" ? msg : inspect(msg)); };
+  PRIMITIVES["host-warn"] = function(msg) {
+    var m = typeof msg === "string" ? msg : inspect(msg);
+    if (typeof console !== "undefined" && console.warn) console.warn(m);
+    return NIL;
+  };
   PRIMITIVES["try-catch"] = function(tryFn, catchFn) {
     try {
       return cekRun(continueWithCall(tryFn, [], makeEnv(), [], []));
@@ -4103,7 +4160,56 @@ def fixups_js(has_html, has_sx, has_dom, has_signals=False, has_deps=False, has_
   function clearStores() { _storeRegistry = {}; return NIL; }
   PRIMITIVES["def-store"] = defStore;
   PRIMITIVES["use-store"] = useStore;
-  PRIMITIVES["clear-stores"] = clearStores;''']
+  PRIMITIVES["clear-stores"] = clearStores;
+
+  // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // define-type override — produces native AdtValue instances (Step 6).
+  // The transpiled sfDefineType from evaluator.sx creates plain dict
+  // instances. We override here to construct AdtValue via makeAdtValue so
+  // type-of returns the type name and adt? can distinguish from dicts.
+  // dict? still returns true for AdtValue (shim) so spec-level match-pattern
+  // continues to work without changes.
+  // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  var _sfDefineTypeAdt = function(args, env) {
+    var typeSym = first(args);
+    var ctorSpecs = rest(args);
+    var typeName = symbolName(typeSym);
+    var ctorNames = map(function(spec) { return symbolName(first(spec)); }, ctorSpecs);
+    if (!isSxTruthy(envHas(env, "*adt-registry*"))) {
+      envBind(env, "*adt-registry*", {});
+    }
+    envGet(env, "*adt-registry*")[typeName] = ctorNames;
+    envBind(env, typeName + "?", function(v) { return isAdtValue(v) && v._type === typeName; });
+    for (var _i = 0; _i < ctorSpecs.length; _i++) {
+      (function(spec) {
+        var cn = symbolName(first(spec));
+        var fieldNames = map(function(f) { return symbolName(f); }, rest(spec));
+        var arity = fieldNames.length;
+        envBind(env, cn, function() {
+          var ctorArgs = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 0);
+          if (ctorArgs.length !== arity) {
+            throw new Error(cn + ": expected " + arity + " args, got " + ctorArgs.length);
+          }
+          return makeAdtValue(typeName, cn, ctorArgs);
+        });
+        envBind(env, cn + "?", function(v) { return isAdtValue(v) && v._ctor === cn; });
+        for (var _j = 0; _j < fieldNames.length; _j++) {
+          (function(idx, fieldName) {
+            envBind(env, cn + "-" + fieldName, function(v) {
+              if (!isAdtValue(v)) throw new Error(cn + "-" + fieldName + ": not an ADT");
+              if (idx >= v._fields.length) throw new Error(cn + "-" + fieldName + ": index out of bounds");
+              return v._fields[idx];
+            });
+          })(_j, fieldNames[_j]);
+        }
+      })(ctorSpecs[_i]);
+    }
+    return NIL;
+  };
+  PRIMITIVES["sf-define-type"] = _sfDefineTypeAdt;
+  registerSpecialForm("define-type", _sfDefineTypeAdt);
+  PRIMITIVES["make-adt-value"] = makeAdtValue;
+  PRIMITIVES["adt-value?"] = isAdtValue;''']
     if has_deps:
         lines.append('''
   // Platform deps functions (native JS, not transpiled — need explicit registration)

hosts/ocaml/bin/bench_cek.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+(** CEK benchmark — measures throughput of the CEK evaluator on tight loops.
+
+    Usage:
+      dune exec bin/bench_cek.exe
+      dune exec bin/bench_cek.exe -- 5      (5 runs each)
+*)
+
+open Sx_types
+open Sx_parser
+
+let parse_one s =
+  let exprs = parse_all s in
+  match exprs with
+  | e :: _ -> e
+  | [] -> failwith "empty parse"
+
+let parse_many s = parse_all s
+
+let bench_run name setup expr iters =
+  let env = Sx_types.make_env () in
+  (* Run setup forms in env *)
+  List.iter (fun e -> ignore (Sx_ref.eval_expr e (Env env))) setup;
+  let times = ref [] in
+  for _ = 1 to iters do
+    Gc.full_major ();
+    let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+    let _r = Sx_ref.eval_expr expr (Env env) in
+    let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+    times := (t1 -. t0) :: !times
+  done;
+  let sorted = List.sort compare !times in
+  let median = List.nth sorted (iters / 2) in
+  let min_t = List.nth sorted 0 in
+  let max_t = List.nth sorted (iters - 1) in
+  Printf.printf "  %-22s  min=%8.2fms  median=%8.2fms  max=%8.2fms\n%!"
+    name (min_t *. 1000.0) (median *. 1000.0) (max_t *. 1000.0);
+  median
+
+let () =
+  let iters =
+    if Array.length Sys.argv > 1
+    then int_of_string Sys.argv.(1)
+    else 5
+  in
+  Printf.printf "CEK benchmark (%d runs each, taking median)\n%!" iters;
+  Printf.printf "==========================================\n%!";
+
+  (* fib 18 — recursive function call benchmark, smallish *)
+  let fib_setup = parse_many "(define (fib n) (if (< n 2) n (+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2)))))" in
+  let fib_expr = parse_one "(fib 18)" in
+  let _ = bench_run "fib(18)" fib_setup fib_expr iters in
+
+  (* loop 5000 — tight let loop *)
+  let loop_setup = parse_many "(define (loop n acc) (if (= n 0) acc (loop (- n 1) (+ acc 1))))" in
+  let loop_expr = parse_one "(loop 5000 0)" in
+  let _ = bench_run "loop(5000)" loop_setup loop_expr iters in
+
+  (* map+square over 1000 elem list *)
+  let map_setup = parse_many "(define (range-list n) (let loop ((i 0) (acc (list))) (if (= i n) acc (loop (+ i 1) (cons i acc))))) (define xs (range-list 1000))" in
+  let map_expr = parse_one "(map (fn (x) (* x x)) xs)" in
+  let _ = bench_run "map sq xs(1000)" map_setup map_expr iters in
+
+  (* reduce + over 2000 elem list *)
+  let red_setup = parse_many "(define (range-list n) (let loop ((i 0) (acc (list))) (if (= i n) acc (loop (+ i 1) (cons i acc))))) (define ys (range-list 2000))" in
+  let red_expr = parse_one "(reduce + 0 ys)" in
+  let _ = bench_run "reduce + ys(2000)" red_setup red_expr iters in
+
+  (* let-heavy: many bindings + if *)
+  let lh_setup = parse_many "(define (lh n) (let ((a 1) (b 2) (c 3) (d 4)) (if (= n 0) (+ a b c d) (lh (- n 1)))))" in
+  let lh_expr = parse_one "(lh 2000)" in
+  let _ = bench_run "let-heavy(2000)" lh_setup lh_expr iters in
+
+  Printf.printf "\nDone.\n%!"

hosts/ocaml/bin/bench_inspect.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+(* Benchmark inspect on representative SX values.
+   Takes min of 9 runs of n iterations to dampen GC noise. *)
+open Sx_types
+
+let rec make_tree d =
+  if d = 0 then String "leaf"
+  else List [String "node"; make_tree (d - 1); make_tree (d - 1); make_tree (d - 1)]
+
+let bench_min label f n runs =
+  let times = ref [] in
+  for _ = 1 to runs do
+    Gc.compact ();
+    let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+    for _ = 1 to n do ignore (f ()) done;
+    let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+    times := (t1 -. t0) :: !times
+  done;
+  let sorted = List.sort compare !times in
+  let min_t = List.nth sorted 0 in
+  let median = List.nth sorted (runs / 2) in
+  Printf.printf "  %-30s  min=%6.2fms  median=%6.2fms  (n=%d * %d runs)\n%!"
+    label (min_t *. 1000.0 /. float_of_int n)
+    (median *. 1000.0 /. float_of_int n) n runs
+
+let () =
+  let tree8 = make_tree 8 in
+  let s = inspect tree8 in
+  Printf.printf "tree-d8 inspect len=%d\n%!" (String.length s);
+  bench_min "inspect tree-d8" (fun () -> inspect tree8) 50 9;
+
+  let tree10 = make_tree 10 in
+  let s = inspect tree10 in
+  Printf.printf "tree-d10 inspect len=%d\n%!" (String.length s);
+  bench_min "inspect tree-d10" (fun () -> inspect tree10) 5 9;
+
+  let dict_xs = make_dict () in
+  for i = 0 to 999 do
+    Hashtbl.replace dict_xs (string_of_int i) (Integer i)
+  done;
+  let d = Dict dict_xs in
+  bench_min "inspect dict-1000" (fun () -> inspect d) 100 9;
+
+  let xs = ref [] in
+  for i = 0 to 1999 do xs := Integer i :: !xs done;
+  let lst = List !xs in
+  bench_min "inspect list-2000" (fun () -> inspect lst) 200 9

hosts/ocaml/bin/bench_vm.ml

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+(** VM bytecode benchmark — measures throughput of the VM (compiled bytecode).
+
+    Loads the SX compiler via CEK, then for each test:
+      1. Define the function via CEK (as a Lambda).
+      2. Trigger JIT compilation via Sx_vm.jit_compile_lambda.
+      3. Call the compiled VmClosure repeatedly via Sx_vm.call_closure.
+
+    This measures pure VM execution time on the JIT path. *)
+
+open Sx_types
+
+let load_compiler env globals =
+  let compiler_path =
+    if Sys.file_exists "lib/compiler.sx" then "lib/compiler.sx"
+    else if Sys.file_exists "../../lib/compiler.sx" then "../../lib/compiler.sx"
+    else if Sys.file_exists "../../../lib/compiler.sx" then "../../../lib/compiler.sx"
+    else failwith "compiler.sx not found"
+  in
+  let ic = open_in compiler_path in
+  let src = really_input_string ic (in_channel_length ic) in
+  close_in ic;
+  let exprs = Sx_parser.parse_all src in
+  List.iter (fun e -> ignore (Sx_ref.eval_expr e (Env env))) exprs;
+  let rec sync e =
+    Hashtbl.iter (fun id v ->
+      let name = Sx_types.unintern id in
+      Hashtbl.replace globals name v) e.bindings;
+    match e.parent with Some p -> sync p | None -> ()
+  in
+  sync env
+
+let _make_globals env =
+  let g = Hashtbl.create 512 in
+  Hashtbl.iter (fun name fn ->
+    Hashtbl.replace g name (NativeFn (name, fn))
+  ) Sx_primitives.primitives;
+  let rec sync e =
+    Hashtbl.iter (fun id v ->
+      let name = Sx_types.unintern id in
+      if not (Hashtbl.mem g name) then Hashtbl.replace g name v) e.bindings;
+    match e.parent with Some p -> sync p | None -> ()
+  in
+  sync env;
+  g
+
+let define_fn env globals name params body_src =
+  (* Define via CEK so we get a Lambda value with proper closure. *)
+  let body_expr = match Sx_parser.parse_all body_src with
+    | [e] -> e
+    | _ -> failwith "expected one body expression"
+  in
+  let param_syms = List (List.map (fun p -> Symbol p) params) in
+  let define_expr = List [Symbol "define"; Symbol name; List [Symbol "fn"; param_syms; body_expr]] in
+  ignore (Sx_ref.eval_expr define_expr (Env env));
+  (* Sync env to globals so JIT can resolve free vars. *)
+  let rec sync e =
+    Hashtbl.iter (fun id v ->
+      let n = Sx_types.unintern id in
+      Hashtbl.replace globals n v) e.bindings;
+    match e.parent with Some p -> sync p | None -> ()
+  in
+  sync env;
+  (* Now find the Lambda and JIT-compile it. *)
+  let lam_val = Hashtbl.find globals name in
+  match lam_val with
+  | Lambda l ->
+    (match Sx_vm.jit_compile_lambda l globals with
+     | Some cl ->
+       l.l_compiled <- Some cl;
+       Hashtbl.replace globals name (NativeFn (name, fun args ->
+         Sx_vm.call_closure cl args globals));
+       cl
+     | None ->
+       failwith (Printf.sprintf "JIT failed for %s" name))
+  | _ -> failwith (Printf.sprintf "%s is not a Lambda after define" name)
+
+let bench_call name cl globals args iters =
+  let times = ref [] in
+  for _ = 1 to iters do
+    Gc.full_major ();
+    let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+    let _r = Sx_vm.call_closure cl args globals in
+    let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+    times := (t1 -. t0) :: !times
+  done;
+  let sorted = List.sort compare !times in
+  let median = List.nth sorted (iters / 2) in
+  let min_t = List.nth sorted 0 in
+  let max_t = List.nth sorted (iters - 1) in
+  Printf.printf "  %-22s  min=%8.2fms  median=%8.2fms  max=%8.2fms\n%!"
+    name (min_t *. 1000.0) (median *. 1000.0) (max_t *. 1000.0);
+  median
+
+let () =
+  let iters =
+    if Array.length Sys.argv > 1
+    then int_of_string Sys.argv.(1)
+    else 7
+  in
+  Printf.printf "VM (bytecode/JIT) benchmark (%d runs each, taking median)\n%!" iters;
+  Printf.printf "========================================================\n%!";
+
+  let env = Sx_types.make_env () in
+  let bind n fn = ignore (Sx_types.env_bind env n (NativeFn (n, fn))) in
+  (* Seed env with primitives as NativeFn so CEK lookups work. *)
+  Hashtbl.iter (fun name fn ->
+    Hashtbl.replace env.bindings (Sx_types.intern name) (NativeFn (name, fn))
+  ) Sx_primitives.primitives;
+  (* Helpers the SX compiler relies on but aren't kernel primitives. *)
+  bind "symbol-name" (fun args -> match args with
+    | [Symbol s] -> String s | _ -> raise (Eval_error "symbol-name"));
+  bind "keyword-name" (fun args -> match args with
+    | [Keyword k] -> String k | _ -> raise (Eval_error "keyword-name"));
+  bind "make-symbol" (fun args -> match args with
+    | [String s] -> Symbol s
+    | [v] -> Symbol (Sx_types.value_to_string v)
+    | _ -> raise (Eval_error "make-symbol"));
+  bind "sx-serialize" (fun args -> match args with
+    | [v] -> String (Sx_types.inspect v)
+    | _ -> raise (Eval_error "sx-serialize"));
+  let globals = Hashtbl.create 1024 in
+  Hashtbl.iter (fun name fn ->
+    Hashtbl.replace globals name (NativeFn (name, fn))
+  ) Sx_primitives.primitives;
+  Printf.printf "Loading compiler.sx ... %!";
+  let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
+  load_compiler env globals;
+  Printf.printf "%.0fms\n%!" ((Unix.gettimeofday () -. t0) *. 1000.0);
+
+  (* fib(22) — recursive call benchmark *)
+  let fib_cl = define_fn env globals "fib" ["n"]
+    "(if (< n 2) n (+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2))))" in
+  let _ = bench_call "fib(22)" fib_cl globals [Number 22.0] iters in
+
+  (* tight loop *)
+  let loop_cl = define_fn env globals "loop" ["n"; "acc"]
+    "(if (= n 0) acc (loop (- n 1) (+ acc 1)))" in
+  let _ = bench_call "loop(200000)" loop_cl globals [Number 200000.0; Number 0.0] iters in
+
+  (* sum-to *)
+  let sum_cl = define_fn env globals "sum_to" ["n"; "acc"]
+    "(if (= n 0) acc (sum_to (- n 1) (+ acc n)))" in
+  let _ = bench_call "sum-to(50000)" sum_cl globals [Number 50000.0; Number 0.0] iters in
+
+  (* count-lt: comparison-heavy *)
+  let cnt_cl = define_fn env globals "count_lt" ["n"; "acc"]
+    "(if (= n 0) acc (count_lt (- n 1) (if (< n 10000) (+ acc 1) acc)))" in
+  let _ = bench_call "count-lt(20000)" cnt_cl globals [Number 20000.0; Number 0.0] iters in
+
+  (* count-eq: equality-heavy on multiples of 7 *)
+  let eq_cl = define_fn env globals "count_eq" ["n"; "acc"]
+    "(if (= n 0) acc (count_eq (- n 1) (if (= 0 (- n (* 7 (/ n 7)))) (+ acc 1) acc)))" in
+  let _ = bench_call "count-eq(20000)" eq_cl globals [Number 20000.0; Number 0.0] iters in
+
+  Printf.printf "\nDone.\n%!"

hosts/ocaml/bin/dune

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 (executables
- (names run_tests debug_set sx_server integration_tests)
+ (names run_tests debug_set sx_server integration_tests bench_cek bench_inspect bench_vm)
  (libraries sx unix threads.posix otfm yojson))
 
 (executable

hosts/ocaml/bin/run_tests.ml

@@ -1279,7 +1279,7 @@ let run_foundation_tests () =
   assert_true "sx_truthy \"\"" (Bool (sx_truthy (String "")));
   assert_eq "not truthy nil" (Bool false) (Bool (sx_truthy Nil));
   assert_eq "not truthy false" (Bool false) (Bool (sx_truthy (Bool false)));
-  let l = { l_params = ["x"]; l_body = Symbol "x"; l_closure = Sx_types.make_env (); l_name = None; l_compiled = None } in
+  let l = { l_params = ["x"]; l_body = Symbol "x"; l_closure = Sx_types.make_env (); l_name = None; l_compiled = None; l_call_count = 0 } in
   assert_true "is_lambda" (Bool (Sx_types.is_lambda (Lambda l)));
   ignore (Sx_types.set_lambda_name (Lambda l) "my-fn");
   assert_eq "lambda name mutated" (String "my-fn") (lambda_name (Lambda l))
@@ -2899,6 +2899,9 @@ let run_spec_tests env test_files =
   load_module "parser.sx" hs_dir;
   load_module "compiler.sx" hs_dir;
   load_module "runtime.sx" hs_dir;
+  let hs_plugins_dir = Filename.concat hs_dir "plugins" in
+  load_module "worker.sx" hs_plugins_dir;
+  load_module "prolog.sx" hs_plugins_dir;
   load_module "integration.sx" hs_dir;
   load_module "htmx.sx" hs_dir;
   (* Override console-log to avoid str on circular mock DOM refs *)

hosts/ocaml/bootstrap.py

@@ -82,7 +82,10 @@ let cek_run_iterative state =
       s := cek_step !s
     done;
     (match cek_suspended_p !s with
-     | Bool true -> raise (Eval_error "IO suspension in non-IO context")
+     | Bool true ->
+       (match !_cek_io_suspend_hook with
+        | Some hook -> hook !s
+        | None -> raise (Eval_error "IO suspension in non-IO context"))
      | _ -> cek_value !s)
   with Eval_error msg ->
     _last_error_kont_ref := cek_kont !s;
@@ -308,6 +311,23 @@ def compile_spec_to_ml(spec_dir: str | None = None) -> str:
         output
     )
 
+    # Patch transpiled cek_run to invoke _cek_io_suspend_hook on suspension
+    # instead of unconditionally raising Eval_error. This is the fix for the
+    # tree-walk eval_expr path: sf_letrec init exprs / non-last body exprs,
+    # macro bodies, qq_expand, dynamic-wind / scope / provide bodies all use
+    # `trampoline (eval_expr ...)` and were swallowing CEK suspensions as
+    # "IO suspension in non-IO context" errors. With the hook, the suspension
+    # propagates as VmSuspended to the outer driver (browser callFn / server
+    # eval_expr_io). When the hook is unset (pure-CEK harness), the legacy
+    # error is preserved as the fallback.
+    output = re.sub(
+        r'\(raise \(Eval_error \(value_to_str \(String "IO suspension in non-IO context"\)\)\)\)',
+        '(match !_cek_io_suspend_hook with Some hook -> hook final | None -> '
+        '(raise (Eval_error (value_to_str (String "IO suspension in non-IO context")))))',
+        output,
+        count=1,
+    )
+
     return output
 
 

hosts/ocaml/bootstrap_vm.py

@@ -355,7 +355,9 @@ let vm_create_closure vm_val frame_val code_val =
   let f = unwrap_frame frame_val in
   let uv_count = match code_val with
     | Dict d -> (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "upvalue-count" with
-        | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n | _ -> 0)
+        | Some (Integer n) -> n
+        | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n
+        | _ -> 0)
     | _ -> 0
   in
   let upvalues = Array.init uv_count (fun _ ->

hosts/ocaml/browser/bundle.sh

@@ -75,6 +75,9 @@ cp "$ROOT/shared/sx/templates/tw.sx"        "$DIST/sx/"
 for f in tokenizer parser compiler runtime integration htmx; do
   cp "$ROOT/lib/hyperscript/$f.sx" "$DIST/sx/hs-$f.sx"
 done
+for f in worker prolog; do
+  cp "$ROOT/lib/hyperscript/plugins/$f.sx" "$DIST/sx/hs-$f.sx"
+done
 
 # Summary
 WASM_SIZE=$(du -sh "$DIST/sx_browser.bc.wasm.assets" | cut -f1)

hosts/ocaml/browser/compile-modules.js

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ const FILES = [
   'harness-web.sx', 'engine.sx', 'orchestration.sx',
   // Hyperscript modules — loaded on demand via transparent lazy loader
   'hs-tokenizer.sx', 'hs-parser.sx', 'hs-compiler.sx', 'hs-runtime.sx',
+  'hs-worker.sx', 'hs-prolog.sx',
   'hs-integration.sx', 'hs-htmx.sx',
   'boot.sx',
 ];
@@ -455,8 +456,10 @@ for (const file of FILES) {
         'hs-parser': ['hs-tokenizer'],
         'hs-compiler': ['hs-tokenizer', 'hs-parser'],
         'hs-runtime': ['hs-tokenizer', 'hs-parser', 'hs-compiler'],
-        'hs-integration': ['hs-tokenizer', 'hs-parser', 'hs-compiler', 'hs-runtime'],
-        'hs-htmx': ['hs-tokenizer', 'hs-parser', 'hs-compiler', 'hs-runtime', 'hs-integration'],
+        'hs-worker': ['hs-tokenizer', 'hs-parser'],
+        'hs-prolog': ['hs-tokenizer', 'hs-parser', 'hs-compiler', 'hs-runtime'],
+        'hs-integration': ['hs-tokenizer', 'hs-parser', 'hs-compiler', 'hs-runtime', 'hs-worker', 'hs-prolog'],
+        'hs-htmx': ['hs-tokenizer', 'hs-parser', 'hs-compiler', 'hs-runtime', 'hs-worker', 'hs-prolog', 'hs-integration'],
       };
       manifest[key] = {
         file: sxbcFile,
@@ -477,7 +480,7 @@ if (entryFile) {
   const lazyDeps = entryFile.deps.filter(d => LAZY_ENTRY_DEPS.has(d));
   // Hyperscript modules aren't define-library, so not auto-detected as deps.
   // Load them lazily after boot — eager loading breaks the boot sequence.
-  const HS_LAZY = ['hs-tokenizer', 'hs-parser', 'hs-compiler', 'hs-runtime', 'hs-integration', 'hs-htmx'];
+  const HS_LAZY = ['hs-tokenizer', 'hs-parser', 'hs-compiler', 'hs-runtime', 'hs-worker', 'hs-prolog', 'hs-integration', 'hs-htmx'];
   for (const m of HS_LAZY) {
     if (manifest[m] && !lazyDeps.includes(m)) lazyDeps.push(m);
   }

hosts/ocaml/browser/sx_browser.ml

@@ -344,6 +344,12 @@ let api_eval src_js =
     sync_env_to_vm ();
     return_via_side_channel (value_to_js result)
   with
+  | Sx_vm.VmSuspended _ ->
+    (* Top-level eval encountered an IO suspension propagated via the
+       cek_run hook (perform inside letrec init / non-last body / macro /
+       qq tree-walked path). K.eval doesn't drive resumption — surface as
+       a clear error so the caller knows to use callFn instead. *)
+    Js.Unsafe.inject (Js.string "Error: IO suspension in non-IO context (use callFn for IO-aware paths)")
   | Eval_error msg -> Js.Unsafe.inject (Js.string ("Error: " ^ msg))
   | Parse_error msg -> Js.Unsafe.inject (Js.string ("Parse error: " ^ msg))
 
@@ -371,6 +377,8 @@ let api_eval_vm src_js =
     ) _vm_globals;
     return_via_side_channel (value_to_js result)
   with
+  | Sx_vm.VmSuspended _ ->
+    Js.Unsafe.inject (Js.string "Error: IO suspension in non-IO context (use callFn for IO-aware paths)")
   | Eval_error msg -> Js.Unsafe.inject (Js.string ("Error: " ^ msg))
   | Parse_error msg -> Js.Unsafe.inject (Js.string ("Parse error: " ^ msg))
   | Not_found -> Js.Unsafe.inject (Js.string "Error: compile-module not loaded")
@@ -381,7 +389,10 @@ let api_eval_expr expr_js _env_js =
     let result = Sx_ref.eval_expr expr (Env global_env) in
     sync_env_to_vm ();
     return_via_side_channel (value_to_js result)
-  with Eval_error msg ->
+  with
+  | Sx_vm.VmSuspended _ ->
+    Js.Unsafe.inject (Js.string "Error: IO suspension in non-IO context (use callFn for IO-aware paths)")
+  | Eval_error msg ->
     Js.Unsafe.inject (Js.string ("Error: " ^ msg))
 
 let api_load src_js =
@@ -704,8 +715,10 @@ let () =
         | List (Symbol "code" :: rest) ->
           let d = Hashtbl.create 8 in
           let rec parse_kv = function
-            | Keyword "arity" :: Number n :: rest -> Hashtbl.replace d "arity" (Number n); parse_kv rest
-            | Keyword "upvalue-count" :: Number n :: rest -> Hashtbl.replace d "upvalue-count" (Number n); parse_kv rest
+            | Keyword "arity" :: (Number _ as n) :: rest -> Hashtbl.replace d "arity" n; parse_kv rest
+            | Keyword "arity" :: (Integer _ as n) :: rest -> Hashtbl.replace d "arity" n; parse_kv rest
+            | Keyword "upvalue-count" :: (Number _ as n) :: rest -> Hashtbl.replace d "upvalue-count" n; parse_kv rest
+            | Keyword "upvalue-count" :: (Integer _ as n) :: rest -> Hashtbl.replace d "upvalue-count" n; parse_kv rest
             | Keyword "bytecode" :: List nums :: rest ->
               Hashtbl.replace d "bytecode" (List nums); parse_kv rest
             | Keyword "constants" :: List consts :: rest ->

hosts/ocaml/browser/test_letrec_resume.js

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// Repro: letrec sibling bindings nil after perform/resume in browser kernel
+//
+// Bug: After a CEK IO suspension (perform / hs-wait) resumes in the
+// WASM browser kernel, calling a sibling letrec binding could return
+// nil, with the error surfaced as `[sx] resume: Not callable: nil`.
+//
+// Root cause: cek-run / cek_run_iterative raised
+// `"IO suspension in non-IO context"` when a tree-walked eval_expr
+// (sf_letrec init exprs / non-last body, macro body, qq unquote, scope
+// body, provide body, dynamic-wind) hit a perform. The CEK suspension
+// was created correctly but never propagated through the OCaml-side
+// _cek_io_suspend_hook, so the outer driver never saw VmSuspended.
+//
+// Fix: cek_run / cek_run_iterative now invoke _cek_io_suspend_hook on
+// suspension (raising VmSuspended for the outer driver). When the hook
+// is unset (pure-CEK harness), they fall back to the legacy error.
+//
+// This test exercises the WASM kernel through K.callFn — the path that
+// browser event handlers use. Suspension surfaces as a JS object with
+// {suspended, request, resume(result)} that the test drives synchronously.
+//
+// Companion: spec/tests/test-letrec-resume-treewalk.sx tests the
+// CEK-only path through the OCaml test runner.
+
+const path = require('path');
+const fs = require('fs');
+
+const KERNEL = path.join(__dirname, '..', '_build', 'default', 'browser', 'sx_browser.bc.js');
+if (!fs.existsSync(KERNEL)) {
+  console.error('FATAL: missing ' + KERNEL + ' — run `dune build` from hosts/ocaml first');
+  process.exit(2);
+}
+require(KERNEL);
+const K = globalThis.SxKernel;
+
+let passed = 0, failed = 0;
+const failures = [];
+
+function test(name, fn) {
+  try {
+    const r = fn();
+    if (r === true) {
+      passed++;
+      console.log('  PASS: ' + name);
+    } else {
+      failed++;
+      failures.push({ name, error: 'got ' + JSON.stringify(r) });
+      console.log('  FAIL: ' + name + ' — got ' + JSON.stringify(r));
+    }
+  } catch (e) {
+    failed++;
+    failures.push({ name, error: e.message || String(e) });
+    console.log('  FAIL: ' + name + ' — ' + (e.message || e));
+  }
+}
+
+function driveSync(result) {
+  while (result && typeof result === 'object' && result.suspended) {
+    result = result.resume(null);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+function callExpr(src) {
+  K.eval('(define _t-fn (fn () ' + src + '))');
+  const fn = K.eval('_t-fn');
+  return driveSync(K.callFn(fn, []));
+}
+
+console.log('\n=== letrec + perform/resume regression tests ===\n');
+
+test('basic letrec without perform', () =>
+  callExpr('(letrec ((f (fn () "ok"))) (f))') === 'ok');
+
+test('callFn perform suspends and resumes with nil', () => {
+  K.eval('(define _t-perform (fn () (perform {:op "io"})))');
+  let r = K.callFn(K.eval('_t-perform'), []);
+  if (!r || !r.suspended) return 'no suspension: ' + JSON.stringify(r);
+  return r.resume(null) === null;
+});
+
+test('letrec, single binding, perform/resume', () =>
+  callExpr('(letrec ((f (fn () (perform {:op "io"})))) (f))') === null);
+
+test('letrec, 2 bindings, body calls sibling after suspended call', () =>
+  callExpr(`
+    (letrec
+      ((wait-then (fn () (do (perform {:op "io"}) "wait-done")))
+       (other-fn (fn () "other-result")))
+      (do (wait-then) (other-fn)))`) === 'other-result');
+
+test('letrec, suspending fn calls sibling after own perform', () =>
+  callExpr(`
+    (letrec
+      ((wait-and-call (fn () (do (perform {:op "io"}) (other-fn))))
+       (other-fn (fn () "from-sibling")))
+      (wait-and-call))`) === 'from-sibling');
+
+test('letrec, fn references sibling value after perform/resume', () =>
+  callExpr(`
+    (letrec
+      ((shared "shared-state")
+       (do-fn (fn () (do (perform {:op "io"}) shared))))
+      (do-fn))`) === 'shared-state');
+
+test('letrec, recursive self-call after perform (wait-boot pattern)', () => {
+  K.eval('(define _wb-c 0)');
+  K.eval('(set! _wb-c 0)');
+  return callExpr(`
+    (letrec ((wait-boot (fn ()
+                (do (perform {:op "io"})
+                    (if (>= _wb-c 1)
+                        "done"
+                        (do (set! _wb-c (+ 1 _wb-c))
+                            (wait-boot)))))))
+      (wait-boot))`) === 'done';
+});
+
+test('top-level define + perform + sibling call after resume', () => {
+  K.eval('(define do-suspend-x (fn () (do (perform {:op "io"}) (do-other-x))))');
+  K.eval('(define do-other-x (fn () "ok-from-other"))');
+  return callExpr('(do-suspend-x)') === 'ok-from-other';
+});
+
+test('letrec, two performs (sequential) then sibling call', () =>
+  callExpr(`
+    (letrec
+      ((wait-twice (fn () (do (perform {:op "io1"}) (perform {:op "io2"}) (other))))
+       (other (fn () "after-double")))
+      (wait-twice))`) === 'after-double');
+
+// === Tree-walk paths that previously raised "IO suspension in non-IO context" ===
+
+test('letrec init expr with perform — suspension propagates (no error)', () => {
+  let r;
+  try { r = callExpr('(letrec ((x (perform {:op "io"}))) "ok")'); }
+  catch (e) { return 'threw: ' + e.message; }
+  return r === null || r === 'ok';
+});
+
+test('letrec non-last body with perform — suspension propagates (no error)', () => {
+  let r;
+  try { r = callExpr('(letrec ((x 1)) (perform {:op "io"}) "after")'); }
+  catch (e) { return 'threw: ' + e.message; }
+  return r === null || r === 'after';
+});
+
+test('macro body with perform — suspension propagates', () => {
+  K.eval('(defmacro _m1 (form) (do (perform {:op "io"}) form))');
+  let r;
+  try { r = callExpr('(_m1 "macro-ok")'); }
+  catch (e) { return 'threw: ' + e.message; }
+  return r === 'macro-ok' || r === null;
+});
+
+test('quasiquote unquote with perform — suspension propagates', () => {
+  let r;
+  try { r = callExpr('(let ((y "yyy")) `(a ,(do (perform {:op "io"}) y) c))'); }
+  catch (e) { return 'threw: ' + e.message; }
+  return r !== undefined;
+});
+
+console.log('\n--- Results ---');
+console.log('passed: ' + passed);
+console.log('failed: ' + failed);
+if (failed > 0) {
+  console.log('\nFailures:');
+  failures.forEach(f => console.log('  - ' + f.name + ': ' + f.error));
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+process.exit(0);

hosts/ocaml/lib/sx_compiler.ml

@@ -200,7 +200,30 @@ and compile_qq_list em items scope =
 
 (* compile-call *)
 and compile_call em head args scope tail_p =
-  (let is_prim = (let _and = (prim_call "=" [(type_of (head)); (String "symbol")]) in if not (sx_truthy _and) then _and else (let name = (symbol_name (head)) in (let _and = (Bool (not (sx_truthy ((prim_call "=" [(get ((scope_resolve (scope) (name))) ((String "type"))); (String "local")]))))) in if not (sx_truthy _and) then _and else (let _and = (Bool (not (sx_truthy ((prim_call "=" [(get ((scope_resolve (scope) (name))) ((String "type"))); (String "upvalue")]))))) in if not (sx_truthy _and) then _and else (is_primitive (name)))))) in (if sx_truthy (is_prim) then (let name = (symbol_name (head)) in let argc = (len (args)) in let name_idx = (pool_add ((get (em) ((String "pool")))) (name)) in (let () = ignore ((List.iter (fun a -> ignore ((compile_expr (em) (a) (scope) ((Bool false))))) (sx_to_list args); Nil)) in (let () = ignore ((emit_op (em) ((Number 52.0)))) in (let () = ignore ((emit_u16 (em) (name_idx))) in (emit_byte (em) (argc)))))) else (let () = ignore ((compile_expr (em) (head) (scope) ((Bool false)))) in (let () = ignore ((List.iter (fun a -> ignore ((compile_expr (em) (a) (scope) ((Bool false))))) (sx_to_list args); Nil)) in (if sx_truthy (tail_p) then (let () = ignore ((emit_op (em) ((Number 49.0)))) in (emit_byte (em) ((len (args))))) else (let () = ignore ((emit_op (em) ((Number 48.0)))) in (emit_byte (em) ((len (args))))))))))
+  (let is_prim = (let _and = (prim_call "=" [(type_of (head)); (String "symbol")]) in if not (sx_truthy _and) then _and else (let name = (symbol_name (head)) in (let _and = (Bool (not (sx_truthy ((prim_call "=" [(get ((scope_resolve (scope) (name))) ((String "type"))); (String "local")]))))) in if not (sx_truthy _and) then _and else (let _and = (Bool (not (sx_truthy ((prim_call "=" [(get ((scope_resolve (scope) (name))) ((String "type"))); (String "upvalue")]))))) in if not (sx_truthy _and) then _and else (is_primitive (name)))))) in (if sx_truthy (is_prim) then (let name = (symbol_name (head)) in let argc = (len (args)) in
+    (* Specialized opcode for hot 2-arg / 1-arg primitives. *)
+    let specialized_op = (match name, argc with
+      | String "+",     Number 2.0 -> Some 160
+      | String "-",     Number 2.0 -> Some 161
+      | String "*",     Number 2.0 -> Some 162
+      | String "/",     Number 2.0 -> Some 163
+      | String "=",     Number 2.0 -> Some 164
+      | String "<",     Number 2.0 -> Some 165
+      | String ">",     Number 2.0 -> Some 166
+      | String "cons",  Number 2.0 -> Some 172
+      | String "not",   Number 1.0 -> Some 167
+      | String "len",   Number 1.0 -> Some 168
+      | String "first", Number 1.0 -> Some 169
+      | String "rest",  Number 1.0 -> Some 170
+      | _ -> None) in
+    (let () = ignore ((List.iter (fun a -> ignore ((compile_expr (em) (a) (scope) ((Bool false))))) (sx_to_list args); Nil)) in
+     (match specialized_op with
+      | Some op -> emit_op em (Number (float_of_int op))
+      | None ->
+        let name_idx = (pool_add ((get (em) ((String "pool")))) (name)) in
+        let () = ignore ((emit_op (em) ((Number 52.0)))) in
+        let () = ignore ((emit_u16 (em) (name_idx))) in
+        emit_byte (em) (argc)))) else (let () = ignore ((compile_expr (em) (head) (scope) ((Bool false)))) in (let () = ignore ((List.iter (fun a -> ignore ((compile_expr (em) (a) (scope) ((Bool false))))) (sx_to_list args); Nil)) in (if sx_truthy (tail_p) then (let () = ignore ((emit_op (em) ((Number 49.0)))) in (emit_byte (em) ((len (args))))) else (let () = ignore ((emit_op (em) ((Number 48.0)))) in (emit_byte (em) ((len (args))))))))))
 
 (* compile *)
 and compile expr =

hosts/ocaml/lib/sx_primitives.ml

@@ -843,7 +843,9 @@ let () =
   register "list?" (fun args ->
     match args with [List _] | [ListRef _] -> Bool true | [_] -> Bool false | _ -> raise (Eval_error "list?: 1 arg"));
   register "dict?" (fun args ->
-    match args with [Dict _] -> Bool true | [_] -> Bool false | _ -> raise (Eval_error "dict?: 1 arg"));
+    match args with [Dict _] -> Bool true | [AdtValue _] -> Bool true | [_] -> Bool false | _ -> raise (Eval_error "dict?: 1 arg"));
+  register "adt?" (fun args ->
+    match args with [AdtValue _] -> Bool true | [_] -> Bool false | _ -> raise (Eval_error "adt?: 1 arg"));
   register "symbol?" (fun args ->
     match args with [Symbol _] -> Bool true | [_] -> Bool false | _ -> raise (Eval_error "symbol?: 1 arg"));
   register "keyword?" (fun args ->
@@ -1456,6 +1458,11 @@ let () =
     match args with [String msg] -> raise (Eval_error msg)
     | [a] -> raise (Eval_error (to_string a))
     | _ -> raise (Eval_error "host-error: 1 arg"));
+  register "host-warn" (fun args ->
+    match args with
+    | [String msg] -> prerr_endline msg; Nil
+    | [a] -> prerr_endline (to_string a); Nil
+    | _ -> raise (Eval_error "host-warn: 1 arg"));
   register "try-catch" (fun args ->
     match args with
     | [try_fn; catch_fn] ->
@@ -1777,6 +1784,32 @@ let () =
     match args with [StringBuffer buf] -> Integer (Buffer.length buf)
     | _ -> raise (Eval_error "string-buffer-length: expected (buffer)"));
 
+  (* Short aliases — same StringBuffer value, terser names for hot paths.
+     Append accepts any value: strings pass through, others get inspected/coerced. *)
+  register "make-buffer" (fun _ -> StringBuffer (Buffer.create 64));
+  register "buffer?" (fun args ->
+    match args with [StringBuffer _] -> Bool true | [_] -> Bool false
+    | _ -> raise (Eval_error "buffer?: expected 1 arg"));
+  register "buffer-append!" (fun args ->
+    match args with
+    | [StringBuffer buf; String s] -> Buffer.add_string buf s; Nil
+    | [StringBuffer buf; Integer n] -> Buffer.add_string buf (string_of_int n); Nil
+    | [StringBuffer buf; Number n] -> Buffer.add_string buf (Sx_types.format_number n); Nil
+    | [StringBuffer buf; Symbol s] -> Buffer.add_string buf s; Nil
+    | [StringBuffer buf; Char n] ->
+      Buffer.add_utf_8_uchar buf (Uchar.of_int n); Nil
+    | [StringBuffer buf; Nil] -> Buffer.add_string buf ""; Nil
+    | [StringBuffer buf; Bool true] -> Buffer.add_string buf "true"; Nil
+    | [StringBuffer buf; Bool false] -> Buffer.add_string buf "false"; Nil
+    | [StringBuffer buf; v] -> Buffer.add_string buf (inspect v); Nil
+    | _ -> raise (Eval_error "buffer-append!: expected (buffer value)"));
+  register "buffer->string" (fun args ->
+    match args with [StringBuffer buf] -> String (Buffer.contents buf)
+    | _ -> raise (Eval_error "buffer->string: expected (buffer)"));
+  register "buffer-length" (fun args ->
+    match args with [StringBuffer buf] -> Integer (Buffer.length buf)
+    | _ -> raise (Eval_error "buffer-length: expected (buffer)"));
+
   (* Capability-based sandboxing — gate IO operations *)
   let cap_stack : string list ref = ref [] in
   register "with-capabilities" (fun args ->
@@ -4076,4 +4109,25 @@ let () =
         | k :: v :: rest -> ignore (env_bind child (value_to_string k) v); add_bindings rest
         | [_] -> raise (Eval_error "env-extend: odd number of key-val pairs") in
       add_bindings pairs;
-      Env child)
+      Env child);
+
+  (* JIT cache control & observability — backed by refs in sx_types.ml to
+     avoid creating a sx_primitives → sx_vm dependency cycle. sx_vm reads
+     these refs to decide when to JIT. *)
+  register "jit-stats" (fun _args ->
+    let d = Hashtbl.create 8 in
+    Hashtbl.replace d "threshold"        (Number (float_of_int !Sx_types.jit_threshold));
+    Hashtbl.replace d "compiled"         (Number (float_of_int !Sx_types.jit_compiled_count));
+    Hashtbl.replace d "compile-failed"   (Number (float_of_int !Sx_types.jit_skipped_count));
+    Hashtbl.replace d "below-threshold"  (Number (float_of_int !Sx_types.jit_threshold_skipped_count));
+    Dict d);
+  register "jit-set-threshold!" (fun args ->
+    match args with
+    | [Number n] -> Sx_types.jit_threshold := int_of_float n; Nil
+    | [Integer n] -> Sx_types.jit_threshold := n; Nil
+    | _ -> raise (Eval_error "jit-set-threshold!: (n) where n is integer"));
+  register "jit-reset-counters!" (fun _args ->
+    Sx_types.jit_compiled_count := 0;
+    Sx_types.jit_skipped_count := 0;
+    Sx_types.jit_threshold_skipped_count := 0;
+    Nil)

hosts/ocaml/lib/sx_ref.ml

@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ and cek_step_loop state =
 
 (* cek-run *)
 and cek_run state =
-  (let final = (cek_step_loop (state)) in (if sx_truthy ((cek_suspended_p (final))) then (raise (Eval_error (value_to_str (String "IO suspension in non-IO context")))) else (cek_value (final))))
+  (let final = (cek_step_loop (state)) in (if sx_truthy ((cek_suspended_p (final))) then (match !_cek_io_suspend_hook with Some hook -> hook final | None -> (raise (Eval_error (value_to_str (String "IO suspension in non-IO context"))))) else (cek_value (final))))
 
 (* cek-resume *)
 and cek_resume suspended_state result' =
@@ -759,7 +759,78 @@ and match_pattern pattern value env =
 
 (* step-sf-match *)
 and step_sf_match args env kont =
-  (let val' = (trampoline ((eval_expr ((first (args))) (env)))) in let clauses = (rest (args)) in (let result' = (match_find_clause (val') (clauses) (env)) in (if sx_truthy ((is_nil (result'))) then (make_cek_value ((String (sx_str [(String "match: no clause matched "); (inspect (val'))]))) (env) ((kont_push ((make_raise_eval_frame (env) ((Bool false)))) (kont)))) else (make_cek_state ((nth (result') ((Number 1.0)))) ((first (result'))) (kont)))))
+  (let val' = (trampoline ((eval_expr ((first (args))) (env)))) in let clauses = (rest (args)) in (let () = ignore (match_check_exhaustiveness val' clauses env) in (let result' = (match_find_clause (val') (clauses) (env)) in (if sx_truthy ((is_nil (result'))) then (make_cek_value ((String (sx_str [(String "match: no clause matched "); (inspect (val'))]))) (env) ((kont_push ((make_raise_eval_frame (env) ((Bool false)))) (kont)))) else (make_cek_state ((nth (result') ((Number 1.0)))) ((first (result'))) (kont))))))
+
+(* match-check-exhaustiveness — Step 8 hand-patched into sx_ref.ml *)
+and match_check_exhaustiveness val' clauses env =
+  let is_else_pat p =
+    match p with
+    | Symbol "_" | Symbol "else" -> true
+    | Keyword "else" -> true
+    | _ -> false
+  in
+  let clause_is_else c =
+    match c with
+    | List (p :: _) -> is_else_pat p
+    | _ -> false
+  in
+  let clause_ctor_name c =
+    match c with
+    | List (List (Symbol n :: _) :: _) -> Some n
+    | _ -> None
+  in
+  let type_name_opt = match val' with
+    | AdtValue a -> Some a.av_type
+    | Dict d ->
+      (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "_adt" with
+       | Some (Bool true) ->
+         (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "_type" with
+          | Some (String s) -> Some s
+          | _ -> None)
+       | _ -> None)
+    | _ -> None
+  in
+  match type_name_opt with
+  | None -> Nil
+  | Some type_name ->
+       if not (sx_truthy (env_has env (String "*adt-registry*"))) then Nil
+       else
+         let registry = env_get env (String "*adt-registry*") in
+         let registered = match registry with
+           | Dict r ->
+             (match Hashtbl.find_opt r type_name with
+              | Some (List ctors) -> Some ctors
+              | _ -> None)
+           | _ -> None in
+         (match registered with
+          | None -> Nil
+          | Some ctor_vals ->
+            let clauses_list = match clauses with List xs -> xs | _ -> [] in
+            if List.exists clause_is_else clauses_list then Nil
+            else
+              let clause_ctors = List.filter_map clause_ctor_name clauses_list in
+              let registered_names = List.filter_map (function
+                | String s -> Some s | _ -> None) ctor_vals in
+              let missing = List.filter (fun c -> not (List.mem c clause_ctors)) registered_names in
+              if missing = [] then Nil
+              else begin
+                if not (sx_truthy (env_has env (String "*adt-warned*"))) then
+                  ignore (env_bind env (String "*adt-warned*") (Dict (Hashtbl.create 4)));
+                let warned = env_get env (String "*adt-warned*") in
+                let key = type_name ^ "|" ^ String.concat "," missing in
+                let already = match warned with
+                  | Dict w -> (match Hashtbl.find_opt w key with Some (Bool true) -> true | _ -> false)
+                  | _ -> false in
+                if already then Nil
+                else begin
+                  (match warned with
+                   | Dict w -> Hashtbl.replace w key (Bool true)
+                   | _ -> ());
+                  let msg = "[sx] match: non-exhaustive — " ^ type_name ^ ": missing " ^ String.concat ", " missing in
+                  ignore (host_warn (String msg));
+                  Nil
+                end
+              end)
 
 (* step-sf-handler-bind *)
 and step_sf_handler_bind args env kont =
@@ -981,7 +1052,14 @@ let cek_run_iterative state =
       s := cek_step !s
     done;
     (match cek_suspended_p !s with
-     | Bool true -> raise (Eval_error "IO suspension in non-IO context")
+     | Bool true ->
+       (* Propagate suspension via the OCaml-side hook so it converts to
+          VmSuspended and flows to the outer driver (value_to_js / resume
+          callback). Without the hook (pure CEK harness), keep the legacy
+          error so test runners surface the misuse. *)
+       (match !_cek_io_suspend_hook with
+        | Some hook -> hook !s
+        | None -> raise (Eval_error "IO suspension in non-IO context"))
      | _ -> cek_value !s)
   with Eval_error msg ->
     _last_error_kont_ref := cek_kont !s;
@@ -1054,8 +1132,7 @@ let sf_define_type args env_val =
       (match pargs with
       | [v] ->
         (match v with
-        | Dict d -> Bool (Hashtbl.mem d "_adt" &&
-          (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "_type" with Some (String t) -> t = type_name | _ -> false))
+        | AdtValue a -> Bool (a.av_type = type_name)
         | _ -> Bool false)
       | _ -> Bool false)));
   List.iter (fun spec ->
@@ -1069,21 +1146,18 @@ let sf_define_type args env_val =
           if List.length ctor_args <> arity then
             raise (Eval_error (Printf.sprintf "%s: expected %d args, got %d"
               cn arity (List.length ctor_args)))
-          else begin
-            let d = Hashtbl.create 4 in
-            Hashtbl.replace d "_adt"    (Bool true);
-            Hashtbl.replace d "_type"   (String type_name);
-            Hashtbl.replace d "_ctor"   (String cn);
-            Hashtbl.replace d "_fields" (List ctor_args);
-            Dict d
-          end));
+          else
+            AdtValue {
+              av_type = type_name;
+              av_ctor = cn;
+              av_fields = Array.of_list ctor_args;
+            }));
       env_bind_v (cn ^ "?")
         (NativeFn (cn ^ "?", fun pargs ->
           (match pargs with
           | [v] ->
             (match v with
-            | Dict d -> Bool (Hashtbl.mem d "_adt" &&
-              (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "_ctor" with Some (String c) -> c = cn | _ -> false))
+            | AdtValue a -> Bool (a.av_ctor = cn)
             | _ -> Bool false)
           | _ -> Bool false)));
       List.iteri (fun idx fname ->
@@ -1092,13 +1166,10 @@ let sf_define_type args env_val =
             (match pargs with
             | [v] ->
               (match v with
-              | Dict d ->
-                (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "_fields" with
-                | Some (List fs) ->
-                  if idx < List.length fs then List.nth fs idx
-                  else raise (Eval_error (cn ^ "-" ^ fname ^ ": index out of bounds"))
-                | _ -> raise (Eval_error (cn ^ "-" ^ fname ^ ": not an ADT")))
-              | _ -> raise (Eval_error (cn ^ "-" ^ fname ^ ": not a dict")))
+              | AdtValue a ->
+                if idx < Array.length a.av_fields then a.av_fields.(idx)
+                else raise (Eval_error (cn ^ "-" ^ fname ^ ": index out of bounds"))
+              | _ -> raise (Eval_error (cn ^ "-" ^ fname ^ ": not an ADT")))
             | _ -> raise (Eval_error (cn ^ "-" ^ fname ^ ": expected 1 arg")))))
       ) field_names
     | _ -> ())

hosts/ocaml/lib/sx_runtime.ml

@@ -6,11 +6,72 @@
 
 open Sx_types
 
-(** Call a registered primitive by name. *)
+(** Fast path equality — same as Sx_primitives.safe_eq for the common cases
+    that show up in hot dispatch (string vs string, etc). Falls through to
+    the registered "=" primitive for complex cases. *)
+let rec _fast_eq a b =
+  if a == b then true
+  else match a, b with
+  | String x, String y -> x = y
+  | Integer x, Integer y -> x = y
+  | Number x, Number y -> x = y
+  | Integer x, Number y -> float_of_int x = y
+  | Number x, Integer y -> x = float_of_int y
+  | Bool x, Bool y -> x = y
+  | Nil, Nil -> true
+  | Symbol x, Symbol y -> x = y
+  | Keyword x, Keyword y -> x = y
+  | List la, List lb ->
+    (try List.for_all2 _fast_eq la lb with Invalid_argument _ -> false)
+  | _ -> false
+
+(** Call a registered primitive by name.
+    Fast path for hot dispatch primitives ([=], [<], [>], [<=], [>=], [empty?],
+    [first], [rest], [len]) skips the Hashtbl lookup entirely — these are
+    called millions of times in the CEK [step_continue]/[step_eval] dispatch. *)
 let prim_call name args =
-  match Hashtbl.find_opt Sx_primitives.primitives name with
-  | Some f -> f args
-  | None -> raise (Eval_error ("Unknown primitive: " ^ name))
+  (* Hot path: most-frequently-called primitives by step_continue dispatch *)
+  match name, args with
+  | "=", [a; b] -> Bool (_fast_eq a b)
+  | "empty?", [List []] -> Bool true
+  | "empty?", [List _] -> Bool false
+  | "empty?", [ListRef { contents = [] }] -> Bool true
+  | "empty?", [ListRef _] -> Bool false
+  | "empty?", [Nil] -> Bool true
+  | "first", [List (x :: _)] -> x
+  | "first", [List []] -> Nil
+  | "first", [ListRef { contents = (x :: _) }] -> x
+  | "first", [ListRef _] -> Nil
+  | "first", [Nil] -> Nil
+  | "rest", [List (_ :: xs)] -> List xs
+  | "rest", [List []] -> List []
+  | "rest", [ListRef { contents = (_ :: xs) }] -> List xs
+  | "rest", [ListRef _] -> List []
+  | "rest", [Nil] -> List []
+  | "len", [List l] -> Integer (List.length l)
+  | "len", [ListRef r] -> Integer (List.length !r)
+  | "len", [String s] -> Integer (String.length s)
+  | "len", [Nil] -> Integer 0
+  | "<", [Integer x; Integer y] -> Bool (x < y)
+  | "<", [Number x; Number y] -> Bool (x < y)
+  | "<", [Integer x; Number y] -> Bool (float_of_int x < y)
+  | "<", [Number x; Integer y] -> Bool (x < float_of_int y)
+  | ">", [Integer x; Integer y] -> Bool (x > y)
+  | ">", [Number x; Number y] -> Bool (x > y)
+  | ">", [Integer x; Number y] -> Bool (float_of_int x > y)
+  | ">", [Number x; Integer y] -> Bool (x > float_of_int y)
+  | "<=", [Integer x; Integer y] -> Bool (x <= y)
+  | "<=", [Number x; Number y] -> Bool (x <= y)
+  | "<=", [Integer x; Number y] -> Bool (float_of_int x <= y)
+  | "<=", [Number x; Integer y] -> Bool (x <= float_of_int y)
+  | ">=", [Integer x; Integer y] -> Bool (x >= y)
+  | ">=", [Number x; Number y] -> Bool (x >= y)
+  | ">=", [Integer x; Number y] -> Bool (float_of_int x >= y)
+  | ">=", [Number x; Integer y] -> Bool (x >= float_of_int y)
+  | _ ->
+    match Hashtbl.find_opt Sx_primitives.primitives name with
+    | Some f -> f args
+    | None -> raise (Eval_error ("Unknown primitive: " ^ name))
 
 (** Convert any SX value to an OCaml string (internal). *)
 let value_to_str = function
@@ -209,6 +270,13 @@ let get_val container key =
      | _ -> Nil)
   | Dict d, String k -> dict_get d k
   | Dict d, Keyword k -> dict_get d k
+  | AdtValue a, String k | AdtValue a, Keyword k ->
+    (match k with
+     | "_adt"    -> Bool true
+     | "_type"   -> String a.av_type
+     | "_ctor"   -> String a.av_ctor
+     | "_fields" -> List (Array.to_list a.av_fields)
+     | _         -> Nil)
   | (List l | ListRef { contents = l }), Number n ->
     (try List.nth l (int_of_float n) with _ -> Nil)
   | (List l | ListRef { contents = l }), Integer n ->
@@ -404,6 +472,10 @@ let callcc_continuation_winders_len v = match v with
 let host_error msg =
   raise (Eval_error (value_to_str msg))
 
+let host_warn msg =
+  prerr_endline (value_to_str msg);
+  Nil
+
 let dynamic_wind_call before body after _env =
   ignore (sx_call before []);
   let result = sx_call body [] in

hosts/ocaml/lib/sx_types.ml

@@ -82,6 +82,16 @@ and value =
   | SxSet of (string, value) Hashtbl.t  (** Mutable set keyed by inspect(value). *)
   | SxRegexp of string * string * Re.re  (** Regexp: source, flags, compiled. *)
   | SxBytevector of bytes  (** Mutable bytevector — R7RS bytevector type. *)
+  | AdtValue of adt_value  (** Native algebraic data type instance — opaque sum type. *)
+
+(** Algebraic data type instance — produced by [define-type] constructors.
+    [av_type] is the type name (e.g. "Maybe"), [av_ctor] is the constructor
+    name (e.g. "Just"), [av_fields] are the positional field values. *)
+and adt_value = {
+  av_type   : string;
+  av_ctor   : string;
+  av_fields : value array;
+}
 
 (** String input port: source string + mutable cursor position. *)
 and sx_port_kind =
@@ -128,6 +138,7 @@ and lambda = {
   l_closure : env;
   mutable l_name : string option;
   mutable l_compiled : vm_closure option;  (** Lazy JIT cache *)
+  mutable l_call_count : int;              (** Tiered-compilation counter — JIT after threshold calls *)
 }
 
 and component = {
@@ -439,7 +450,20 @@ let make_lambda params body closure =
     | List items -> List.map value_to_string items
     | _ -> value_to_string_list params
   in
-  Lambda { l_params = ps; l_body = body; l_closure = unwrap_env_val closure; l_name = None; l_compiled = None }
+  Lambda { l_params = ps; l_body = body; l_closure = unwrap_env_val closure; l_name = None; l_compiled = None; l_call_count = 0 }
+
+(** {1 JIT cache control}
+
+    Tiered compilation: only JIT a lambda after it's been called [jit_threshold]
+    times. This filters out one-shot lambdas (test harness, dynamic eval, REPLs)
+    so they never enter the JIT cache. Counters are exposed to SX as [(jit-stats)].
+
+    These live here (in sx_types) rather than sx_vm so [sx_primitives] can read
+    them without creating a sx_primitives → sx_vm dependency cycle. *)
+let jit_threshold = ref 4
+let jit_compiled_count = ref 0
+let jit_skipped_count = ref 0
+let jit_threshold_skipped_count = ref 0
 
 let make_component name params has_children body closure affinity =
   let n = value_to_string name in
@@ -520,6 +544,7 @@ let type_of = function
   | SxSet _          -> "set"
   | SxRegexp _       -> "regexp"
   | SxBytevector _   -> "bytevector"
+  | AdtValue a       -> a.av_type
 
 let is_nil = function Nil -> true | _ -> false
 let is_lambda = function Lambda _ -> true | _ -> false
@@ -806,14 +831,15 @@ let dict_vals (d : dict) =
 
 (** {1 Value display} *)
 
-let rec inspect = function
-  | Nil -> "nil"
-  | Bool true -> "true"
-  | Bool false -> "false"
-  | Integer n -> string_of_int n
-  | Number n -> format_number n
+(* Single shared buffer for the entire inspect recursion — eliminates
+   the per-level [String.concat (List.map inspect ...)] allocation. *)
+let rec inspect_into buf = function
+  | Nil -> Buffer.add_string buf "nil"
+  | Bool true -> Buffer.add_string buf "true"
+  | Bool false -> Buffer.add_string buf "false"
+  | Integer n -> Buffer.add_string buf (string_of_int n)
+  | Number n -> Buffer.add_string buf (format_number n)
   | String s ->
-    let buf = Buffer.create (String.length s + 2) in
     Buffer.add_char buf '"';
     String.iter (function
       | '"'  -> Buffer.add_string buf "\\\""
@@ -822,66 +848,129 @@ let rec inspect = function
       | '\r' -> Buffer.add_string buf "\\r"
       | '\t' -> Buffer.add_string buf "\\t"
       | c    -> Buffer.add_char buf c) s;
-    Buffer.add_char buf '"';
-    Buffer.contents buf
-  | Symbol s -> s
-  | Keyword k -> ":" ^ k
+    Buffer.add_char buf '"'
+  | Symbol s -> Buffer.add_string buf s
+  | Keyword k -> Buffer.add_char buf ':'; Buffer.add_string buf k
   | List items | ListRef { contents = items } ->
-    "(" ^ String.concat " " (List.map inspect items) ^ ")"
+    Buffer.add_char buf '(';
+    (match items with
+     | [] -> ()
+     | x :: rest ->
+       inspect_into buf x;
+       List.iter (fun v -> Buffer.add_char buf ' '; inspect_into buf v) rest);
+    Buffer.add_char buf ')'
   | Dict d ->
-    let pairs = Hashtbl.fold (fun k v acc ->
-      (Printf.sprintf ":%s %s" k (inspect v)) :: acc) d [] in
-    "{" ^ String.concat " " pairs ^ "}"
+    Buffer.add_char buf '{';
+    let first = ref true in
+    Hashtbl.iter (fun k v ->
+      if !first then first := false else Buffer.add_char buf ' ';
+      Buffer.add_char buf ':'; Buffer.add_string buf k;
+      Buffer.add_char buf ' '; inspect_into buf v) d;
+    Buffer.add_char buf '}'
   | Lambda l ->
     let tag = match l.l_name with Some n -> n | None -> "lambda" in
-    Printf.sprintf "<%s(%s)>" tag (String.concat ", " l.l_params)
+    Buffer.add_char buf '<'; Buffer.add_string buf tag;
+    Buffer.add_char buf '('; Buffer.add_string buf (String.concat ", " l.l_params);
+    Buffer.add_string buf ")>"
   | Component c ->
-    Printf.sprintf "<Component ~%s(%s)>" c.c_name (String.concat ", " c.c_params)
+    Buffer.add_string buf "<Component ~"; Buffer.add_string buf c.c_name;
+    Buffer.add_char buf '('; Buffer.add_string buf (String.concat ", " c.c_params);
+    Buffer.add_string buf ")>"
   | Island i ->
-    Printf.sprintf "<Island ~%s(%s)>" i.i_name (String.concat ", " i.i_params)
+    Buffer.add_string buf "<Island ~"; Buffer.add_string buf i.i_name;
+    Buffer.add_char buf '('; Buffer.add_string buf (String.concat ", " i.i_params);
+    Buffer.add_string buf ")>"
   | Macro m ->
     let tag = match m.m_name with Some n -> n | None -> "macro" in
-    Printf.sprintf "<%s(%s)>" tag (String.concat ", " m.m_params)
-  | Thunk _ -> "<thunk>"
-  | Continuation (_, _) -> "<continuation>"
-  | CallccContinuation (_, _) -> "<callcc-continuation>"
-  | NativeFn (name, _) -> Printf.sprintf "<native:%s>" name
-  | Signal _ -> "<signal>"
-  | RawHTML s -> Printf.sprintf "\"<raw-html:%d>\"" (String.length s)
-  | Spread _ -> "<spread>"
-  | SxExpr s -> Printf.sprintf "\"<sx-expr:%d>\"" (String.length s)
-  | Env _ -> "<env>"
-  | CekState _ -> "<cek-state>"
-  | CekFrame f -> Printf.sprintf "<frame:%s>" f.cf_type
-  | VmClosure cl -> Printf.sprintf "<vm:%s>" (match cl.vm_name with Some n -> n | None -> "anon")
+    Buffer.add_char buf '<'; Buffer.add_string buf tag;
+    Buffer.add_char buf '('; Buffer.add_string buf (String.concat ", " m.m_params);
+    Buffer.add_string buf ")>"
+  | Thunk _ -> Buffer.add_string buf "<thunk>"
+  | Continuation (_, _) -> Buffer.add_string buf "<continuation>"
+  | CallccContinuation (_, _) -> Buffer.add_string buf "<callcc-continuation>"
+  | NativeFn (name, _) ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf "<native:"; Buffer.add_string buf name; Buffer.add_char buf '>'
+  | Signal _ -> Buffer.add_string buf "<signal>"
+  | RawHTML s ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf "\"<raw-html:";
+    Buffer.add_string buf (string_of_int (String.length s));
+    Buffer.add_string buf ">\""
+  | Spread _ -> Buffer.add_string buf "<spread>"
+  | SxExpr s ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf "\"<sx-expr:";
+    Buffer.add_string buf (string_of_int (String.length s));
+    Buffer.add_string buf ">\""
+  | Env _ -> Buffer.add_string buf "<env>"
+  | CekState _ -> Buffer.add_string buf "<cek-state>"
+  | CekFrame f ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf "<frame:"; Buffer.add_string buf f.cf_type; Buffer.add_char buf '>'
+  | VmClosure cl ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf "<vm:";
+    Buffer.add_string buf (match cl.vm_name with Some n -> n | None -> "anon");
+    Buffer.add_char buf '>'
   | Record r ->
-    let fields = Array.to_list (Array.mapi (fun i v ->
-      Printf.sprintf "%s=%s" r.r_type.rt_fields.(i) (inspect v)
-    ) r.r_fields) in
-    Printf.sprintf "<record:%s %s>" r.r_type.rt_name (String.concat " " fields)
-  | Parameter p -> Printf.sprintf "<parameter:%s>" p.pm_uid
+    Buffer.add_string buf "<record:"; Buffer.add_string buf r.r_type.rt_name;
+    Array.iteri (fun i v ->
+      Buffer.add_char buf ' ';
+      Buffer.add_string buf r.r_type.rt_fields.(i);
+      Buffer.add_char buf '=';
+      inspect_into buf v) r.r_fields;
+    Buffer.add_char buf '>'
+  | Parameter p ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf "<parameter:"; Buffer.add_string buf p.pm_uid; Buffer.add_char buf '>'
   | Vector arr ->
-    let elts = Array.to_list (Array.map inspect arr) in
-    Printf.sprintf "#(%s)" (String.concat " " elts)
-  | VmFrame f -> Printf.sprintf "<vm-frame:ip=%d base=%d>" f.vf_ip f.vf_base
-  | VmMachine m -> Printf.sprintf "<vm-machine:sp=%d frames=%d>" m.vm_sp (List.length m.vm_frames)
-  | StringBuffer buf -> Printf.sprintf "<string-buffer:%d>" (Buffer.length buf)
-  | HashTable ht -> Printf.sprintf "<hash-table:%d>" (Hashtbl.length ht)
+    Buffer.add_string buf "#(";
+    Array.iteri (fun i v ->
+      if i > 0 then Buffer.add_char buf ' ';
+      inspect_into buf v) arr;
+    Buffer.add_char buf ')'
+  | VmFrame f ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf (Printf.sprintf "<vm-frame:ip=%d base=%d>" f.vf_ip f.vf_base)
+  | VmMachine m ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf (Printf.sprintf "<vm-machine:sp=%d frames=%d>" m.vm_sp (List.length m.vm_frames))
+  | StringBuffer b ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf (Printf.sprintf "<string-buffer:%d>" (Buffer.length b))
+  | HashTable ht ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf (Printf.sprintf "<hash-table:%d>" (Hashtbl.length ht))
   | Char n ->
-    let name = match n with
-      | 32 -> "space" | 10 -> "newline" | 9 -> "tab"
-      | 13 -> "return" | 0 -> "nul" | 27 -> "escape"
-      | 127 -> "delete" | 8 -> "backspace"
-      | _ -> let buf = Buffer.create 1 in
-             Buffer.add_utf_8_uchar buf (Uchar.of_int n);
-             Buffer.contents buf
-    in "#\\" ^ name
-  | Eof -> "#!eof"
+    Buffer.add_string buf "#\\";
+    (match n with
+     | 32 -> Buffer.add_string buf "space"
+     | 10 -> Buffer.add_string buf "newline"
+     | 9 -> Buffer.add_string buf "tab"
+     | 13 -> Buffer.add_string buf "return"
+     | 0 -> Buffer.add_string buf "nul"
+     | 27 -> Buffer.add_string buf "escape"
+     | 127 -> Buffer.add_string buf "delete"
+     | 8 -> Buffer.add_string buf "backspace"
+     | _ -> Buffer.add_utf_8_uchar buf (Uchar.of_int n))
+  | Eof -> Buffer.add_string buf "#!eof"
   | Port { sp_kind = PortInput (_, pos); sp_closed } ->
-    Printf.sprintf "<input-port:pos=%d%s>" !pos (if sp_closed then ":closed" else "")
-  | Port { sp_kind = PortOutput buf; sp_closed } ->
-    Printf.sprintf "<output-port:len=%d%s>" (Buffer.length buf) (if sp_closed then ":closed" else "")
-  | Rational (n, d) -> Printf.sprintf "%d/%d" n d
-  | SxSet ht -> Printf.sprintf "<set:%d>" (Hashtbl.length ht)
-  | SxRegexp (src, flags, _) -> Printf.sprintf "#/%s/%s" src flags
-  | SxBytevector b -> Printf.sprintf "#u8(%s)" (String.concat " " (List.init (Bytes.length b) (fun i -> string_of_int (Char.code (Bytes.get b i)))))
+    Buffer.add_string buf (Printf.sprintf "<input-port:pos=%d%s>" !pos (if sp_closed then ":closed" else ""))
+  | Port { sp_kind = PortOutput b; sp_closed } ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf (Printf.sprintf "<output-port:len=%d%s>" (Buffer.length b) (if sp_closed then ":closed" else ""))
+  | Rational (n, d) ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf (string_of_int n); Buffer.add_char buf '/';
+    Buffer.add_string buf (string_of_int d)
+  | SxSet ht ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf (Printf.sprintf "<set:%d>" (Hashtbl.length ht))
+  | SxRegexp (src, flags, _) ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf "#/"; Buffer.add_string buf src;
+    Buffer.add_char buf '/'; Buffer.add_string buf flags
+  | SxBytevector b ->
+    Buffer.add_string buf "#u8(";
+    let n = Bytes.length b in
+    for i = 0 to n - 1 do
+      if i > 0 then Buffer.add_char buf ' ';
+      Buffer.add_string buf (string_of_int (Char.code (Bytes.get b i)))
+    done;
+    Buffer.add_char buf ')'
+  | AdtValue a ->
+    Buffer.add_char buf '('; Buffer.add_string buf a.av_ctor;
+    Array.iter (fun v -> Buffer.add_char buf ' '; inspect_into buf v) a.av_fields;
+    Buffer.add_char buf ')'
+
+let inspect v =
+  let buf = Buffer.create 64 in
+  inspect_into buf v;
+  Buffer.contents buf

hosts/ocaml/lib/sx_vm.ml

@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ let () = Sx_types._convert_vm_suspension := (fun exn ->
 let jit_compile_ref : (lambda -> (string, value) Hashtbl.t -> vm_closure option) ref =
   ref (fun _ _ -> None)
 
+(* JIT threshold and counters live in Sx_types so primitives can read them
+   without creating a sx_primitives → sx_vm dependency cycle. *)
+
 (** Sentinel closure indicating JIT compilation was attempted and failed.
     Prevents retrying compilation on every call. *)
 let jit_failed_sentinel = {
@@ -327,7 +330,18 @@ and call_closure_reuse cl args =
        vm.sp <- saved_sp;
        raise e);
     vm.frames <- saved_frames;
-    pop vm
+    (* Snapshot/restore sp around the popped result.
+       OP_RETURN normally leaves sp = saved_sp + 1, but the bytecode-exhausted
+       path (or a callee that returns a closure whose own RETURN leaves extra
+       stack residue) can leave sp inconsistent. Read the result at the
+       expected slot and reset sp explicitly so the parent frame's
+       intermediate values are not corrupted. *)
+    let result =
+      if vm.sp > saved_sp then vm.stack.(vm.sp - 1)
+      else Nil
+    in
+    vm.sp <- saved_sp;
+    result
   | None ->
     call_closure cl args cl.vm_env_ref
 
@@ -353,13 +367,21 @@ and vm_call vm f args =
      | None ->
        if l.l_name <> None
        then begin
-         l.l_compiled <- Some jit_failed_sentinel;
-         match !jit_compile_ref l vm.globals with
-         | Some cl ->
-           l.l_compiled <- Some cl;
-           push_closure_frame vm cl args
-         | None ->
+         l.l_call_count <- l.l_call_count + 1;
+         if l.l_call_count >= !Sx_types.jit_threshold then begin
+           l.l_compiled <- Some jit_failed_sentinel;
+           match !jit_compile_ref l vm.globals with
+           | Some cl ->
+             incr Sx_types.jit_compiled_count;
+             l.l_compiled <- Some cl;
+             push_closure_frame vm cl args
+           | None ->
+             incr Sx_types.jit_skipped_count;
+             push vm (cek_call_or_suspend vm f (List args))
+         end else begin
+           incr Sx_types.jit_threshold_skipped_count;
            push vm (cek_call_or_suspend vm f (List args))
+         end
        end
        else
          push vm (cek_call_or_suspend vm f (List args)))
@@ -631,7 +653,9 @@ and run vm =
           (* Read upvalue descriptors from bytecode *)
           let uv_count = match code_val with
             | Dict d -> (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "upvalue-count" with
-                | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n | _ -> 0)
+                | Some (Integer n) -> n
+                | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n
+                | _ -> 0)
             | _ -> 0
           in
           let upvalues = Array.init uv_count (fun _ ->
@@ -731,38 +755,57 @@ and run vm =
         | 160 (* OP_ADD *) ->
           let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
           push vm (match a, b with
+            | Integer x, Integer y -> Integer (x + y)
             | Number x, Number y -> Number (x +. y)
+            | Integer x, Number y -> Number (float_of_int x +. y)
+            | Number x, Integer y -> Number (x +. float_of_int y)
             | _ -> (Hashtbl.find Sx_primitives.primitives "+") [a; b])
         | 161 (* OP_SUB *) ->
           let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
           push vm (match a, b with
+            | Integer x, Integer y -> Integer (x - y)
             | Number x, Number y -> Number (x -. y)
+            | Integer x, Number y -> Number (float_of_int x -. y)
+            | Number x, Integer y -> Number (x -. float_of_int y)
             | _ -> (Hashtbl.find Sx_primitives.primitives "-") [a; b])
         | 162 (* OP_MUL *) ->
           let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
           push vm (match a, b with
+            | Integer x, Integer y -> Integer (x * y)
             | Number x, Number y -> Number (x *. y)
+            | Integer x, Number y -> Number (float_of_int x *. y)
+            | Number x, Integer y -> Number (x *. float_of_int y)
             | _ -> (Hashtbl.find Sx_primitives.primitives "*") [a; b])
         | 163 (* OP_DIV *) ->
           let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
           push vm (match a, b with
+            | Integer x, Integer y when y <> 0 && x mod y = 0 -> Integer (x / y)
+            | Integer x, Integer y -> Number (float_of_int x /. float_of_int y)
             | Number x, Number y -> Number (x /. y)
+            | Integer x, Number y -> Number (float_of_int x /. y)
+            | Number x, Integer y -> Number (x /. float_of_int y)
             | _ -> (Hashtbl.find Sx_primitives.primitives "/") [a; b])
         | 164 (* OP_EQ *) ->
           let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
-          push vm ((Hashtbl.find Sx_primitives.primitives "=") [a; b])
+          push vm (Bool (Sx_runtime._fast_eq a b))
         | 165 (* OP_LT *) ->
           let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
           push vm (match a, b with
+            | Integer x, Integer y -> Bool (x < y)
             | Number x, Number y -> Bool (x < y)
+            | Integer x, Number y -> Bool (float_of_int x < y)
+            | Number x, Integer y -> Bool (x < float_of_int y)
             | String x, String y -> Bool (x < y)
-            | _ -> (Hashtbl.find Sx_primitives.primitives "<") [a; b])
+            | _ -> Sx_runtime.prim_call "<" [a; b])
         | 166 (* OP_GT *) ->
           let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
           push vm (match a, b with
+            | Integer x, Integer y -> Bool (x > y)
             | Number x, Number y -> Bool (x > y)
+            | Integer x, Number y -> Bool (float_of_int x > y)
+            | Number x, Integer y -> Bool (x > float_of_int y)
             | String x, String y -> Bool (x > y)
-            | _ -> (Hashtbl.find Sx_primitives.primitives ">") [a; b])
+            | _ -> Sx_runtime.prim_call ">" [a; b])
         | 167 (* OP_NOT *) ->
           let v = pop vm in
           push vm (Bool (not (sx_truthy v)))
@@ -885,9 +928,17 @@ let resume_vm vm result =
   let rec restore_reuse pending =
     match pending with
     | [] -> ()
-    | (saved_frames, _saved_sp) :: rest ->
+    | (saved_frames, saved_sp) :: rest ->
       let callback_result = pop vm in
       vm.frames <- saved_frames;
+      (* Restore sp to the value captured before the suspended callee was
+         pushed. The callee's locals/temps may still be on the stack above
+         saved_sp; without this reset, subsequent LOCAL_GET/SET in the
+         caller frame (e.g. letrec sibling bindings waiting on the call)
+         see stale callee data instead of their own slots. Mirrors the
+         OP_RETURN+sp-reset semantics that sync `call_closure_reuse`
+         relies on for clean caller-frame state. *)
+      if saved_sp < vm.sp then vm.sp <- saved_sp;
       push vm callback_result;
       (try
         run vm;
@@ -1269,7 +1320,9 @@ let trace_run src globals =
             let code_val2 = frame.closure.vm_code.vc_constants.(idx) in
             let uv_count = match code_val2 with
               | Dict d -> (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "upvalue-count" with
-                  | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n | _ -> 0)
+                  | Some (Integer n) -> n
+                  | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n
+                  | _ -> 0)
               | _ -> 0 in
             let upvalues = Array.init uv_count (fun _ ->
               let is_local = read_u8 frame in
@@ -1390,7 +1443,9 @@ let disassemble (code : vm_code) =
         if op = 51 && idx < Array.length consts then begin
           let uv_count = match consts.(idx) with
             | Dict d -> (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "upvalue-count" with
-                | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n | _ -> 0)
+                | Some (Integer n) -> n
+                | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n
+                | _ -> 0)
             | _ -> 0 in
           ip := !ip + uv_count * 2
         end

hosts/ocaml/lib/sx_vm_ref.ml

@@ -270,7 +270,9 @@ let vm_create_closure vm_val frame_val code_val =
   let f = unwrap_frame frame_val in
   let uv_count = match code_val with
     | Dict d -> (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "upvalue-count" with
-        | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n | _ -> 0)
+        | Some (Integer n) -> n
+        | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n
+        | _ -> 0)
     | _ -> 0
   in
   let upvalues = Array.init uv_count (fun _ ->

hosts/ocaml/sx_vm_ref.ml

@@ -265,7 +265,9 @@ let vm_create_closure vm_val frame_val code_val =
   let f = unwrap_frame frame_val in
   let uv_count = match code_val with
     | Dict d -> (match Hashtbl.find_opt d "upvalue-count" with
-        | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n | _ -> 0)
+        | Some (Integer n) -> n
+        | Some (Number n) -> int_of_float n
+        | _ -> 0)
     | _ -> 0
   in
   let upvalues = Array.init uv_count (fun _ ->

lib/apl/conformance.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# lib/apl/conformance.sh — run APL test suites, emit scoreboard.json + scoreboard.md.
+
+set -uo pipefail
+cd "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
+
+SX_SERVER="${SX_SERVER:-/root/rose-ash/hosts/ocaml/_build/default/bin/sx_server.exe}"
+if [ ! -x "$SX_SERVER" ]; then
+  SX_SERVER="hosts/ocaml/_build/default/bin/sx_server.exe"
+fi
+if [ ! -x "$SX_SERVER" ]; then
+  echo "ERROR: sx_server.exe not found." >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+
+SUITES=(structural operators dfn tradfn valence programs system idioms eval-ops pipeline)
+
+OUT_JSON="lib/apl/scoreboard.json"
+OUT_MD="lib/apl/scoreboard.md"
+
+run_suite() {
+  local suite=$1
+  local file="lib/apl/tests/${suite}.sx"
+  local TMP
+  TMP=$(mktemp)
+  cat > "$TMP" << EPOCHS
+(epoch 1)
+(load "spec/stdlib.sx")
+(load "lib/r7rs.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/runtime.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tokenizer.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/parser.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/transpile.sx")
+(epoch 2)
+(eval "(define apl-test-pass 0)")
+(eval "(define apl-test-fail 0)")
+(eval "(define apl-test (fn (name got expected) (if (= got expected) (set! apl-test-pass (+ apl-test-pass 1)) (set! apl-test-fail (+ apl-test-fail 1)))))")
+(epoch 3)
+(load "${file}")
+(epoch 4)
+(eval "(list apl-test-pass apl-test-fail)")
+EPOCHS
+
+  local OUTPUT
+  OUTPUT=$(timeout 300 "$SX_SERVER" < "$TMP" 2>/dev/null)
+  rm -f "$TMP"
+
+  local LINE
+  LINE=$(echo "$OUTPUT" | awk '/^\(ok-len 4 / {getline; print; exit}')
+  if [ -z "$LINE" ]; then
+    LINE=$(echo "$OUTPUT" | grep -E '^\(ok 4 \([0-9]+ [0-9]+\)\)' | tail -1 \
+            | sed -E 's/^\(ok 4 //; s/\)$//')
+  fi
+
+  local P F
+  P=$(echo "$LINE" | sed -E 's/^\(([0-9]+) ([0-9]+)\).*/\1/')
+  F=$(echo "$LINE" | sed -E 's/^\(([0-9]+) ([0-9]+)\).*/\2/')
+  P=${P:-0}
+  F=${F:-0}
+  echo "${P} ${F}"
+}
+
+declare -A SUITE_PASS
+declare -A SUITE_FAIL
+TOTAL_PASS=0
+TOTAL_FAIL=0
+
+echo "Running APL conformance suite..." >&2
+for s in "${SUITES[@]}"; do
+  read -r p f < <(run_suite "$s")
+  SUITE_PASS[$s]=$p
+  SUITE_FAIL[$s]=$f
+  TOTAL_PASS=$((TOTAL_PASS + p))
+  TOTAL_FAIL=$((TOTAL_FAIL + f))
+  printf "  %-12s %d/%d\n" "$s" "$p" "$((p+f))" >&2
+done
+
+# scoreboard.json
+{
+  printf '{\n'
+  printf '  "suites": {\n'
+  first=1
+  for s in "${SUITES[@]}"; do
+    if [ $first -eq 0 ]; then printf ',\n'; fi
+    printf '    "%s": {"pass": %d, "fail": %d}' "$s" "${SUITE_PASS[$s]}" "${SUITE_FAIL[$s]}"
+    first=0
+  done
+  printf '\n  },\n'
+  printf '  "total_pass": %d,\n' "$TOTAL_PASS"
+  printf '  "total_fail": %d,\n' "$TOTAL_FAIL"
+  printf '  "total": %d\n' "$((TOTAL_PASS + TOTAL_FAIL))"
+  printf '}\n'
+} > "$OUT_JSON"
+
+# scoreboard.md
+{
+  printf '# APL Conformance Scoreboard\n\n'
+  printf '_Generated by `lib/apl/conformance.sh`_\n\n'
+  printf '| Suite | Pass | Fail | Total |\n'
+  printf '|-------|-----:|-----:|------:|\n'
+  for s in "${SUITES[@]}"; do
+    p=${SUITE_PASS[$s]}
+    f=${SUITE_FAIL[$s]}
+    printf '| %s | %d | %d | %d |\n' "$s" "$p" "$f" "$((p+f))"
+  done
+  printf '| **Total** | **%d** | **%d** | **%d** |\n' "$TOTAL_PASS" "$TOTAL_FAIL" "$((TOTAL_PASS + TOTAL_FAIL))"
+  printf '\n'
+  printf '## Notes\n\n'
+  printf '%s\n' '- Suites use the standard `apl-test name got expected` framework loaded against `lib/apl/runtime.sx` + `lib/apl/transpile.sx`.'
+  printf '%s\n' '- `lib/apl/tests/parse.sx` and `lib/apl/tests/scalar.sx` use their own self-contained frameworks and are excluded from this scoreboard.'
+} > "$OUT_MD"
+
+echo "Wrote $OUT_JSON and $OUT_MD" >&2
+echo "Total: $TOTAL_PASS pass, $TOTAL_FAIL fail" >&2
+
+[ "$TOTAL_FAIL" -eq 0 ]

lib/apl/parser.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,701 @@
+; APL Parser — right-to-left expression parser
+;
+; Takes a token list (output of apl-tokenize) and produces an AST.
+; APL evaluates right-to-left with no precedence among functions.
+; Operators bind to the function immediately to their left in the source.
+;
+; AST node types:
+;   (:num n)                     number literal
+;   (:str s)                     string literal
+;   (:vec n1 n2 ...)             strand (juxtaposed literals)
+;   (:name "x")                  name reference / alpha / omega
+;   (:assign "x" expr)           assignment  x←expr
+;   (:monad fn arg)              monadic function call
+;   (:dyad fn left right)        dyadic function call
+;   (:derived-fn op fn)          derived function: f/ f¨ f⍨
+;   (:derived-fn2 "." f g)       inner product: f.g
+;   (:outer "∘." fn)             outer product: ∘.f
+;   (:fn-glyph "⍳")             function reference
+;   (:fn-name "foo")             named-function reference (dfn variable)
+;   (:dfn stmt...)               {⍺+⍵} anonymous function
+;   (:guard cond expr)           cond:expr guard inside dfn
+;   (:program stmt...)           multi-statement sequence
+
+; ============================================================
+; Glyph classification sets
+; ============================================================
+
+(define
+  apl-parse-op-glyphs
+  (list "/" "⌿" "\\" "⍀" "¨" "⍨" "∘" "." "⍣" "⍤" "⍥" "@"))
+
+(define
+  apl-parse-fn-glyphs
+  (list
+    "+"
+    "-"
+    "×"
+    "÷"
+    "*"
+    "⍟"
+    "⌈"
+    "⌊"
+    "|"
+    "!"
+    "?"
+    "○"
+    "~"
+    "<"
+    "≤"
+    "="
+    "≥"
+    ">"
+    "≠"
+    "≢"
+    "≡"
+    "∊"
+    "∧"
+    "∨"
+    "⍱"
+    "⍲"
+    ","
+    "⍪"
+    "⍴"
+    "⌽"
+    "⊖"
+    "⍉"
+    "↑"
+    "↓"
+    "⊂"
+    "⊃"
+    "⊆"
+    "∪"
+    "∩"
+    "⍳"
+    "⍸"
+    "⌷"
+    "⍋"
+    "⍒"
+    "⊥"
+    "⊤"
+    "⊣"
+    "⊢"
+    "⍎"
+    "⍕"))
+
+(define apl-quad-fn-names (list "⎕FMT" "⎕←"))
+
+(define apl-known-fn-names (list))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Token accessors
+; ============================================================
+
+(define
+  apl-collect-fn-bindings
+  (fn
+    (stmt-groups)
+    (set! apl-known-fn-names (list))
+    (for-each
+      (fn
+        (toks)
+        (when
+          (and
+            (>= (len toks) 3)
+            (= (tok-type (nth toks 0)) :name)
+            (= (tok-type (nth toks 1)) :assign)
+            (= (tok-type (nth toks 2)) :lbrace))
+          (set!
+            apl-known-fn-names
+            (cons (tok-val (nth toks 0)) apl-known-fn-names))))
+      stmt-groups)))
+
+(define
+  apl-parse-op-glyph?
+  (fn (v) (some (fn (g) (= g v)) apl-parse-op-glyphs)))
+
+(define
+  apl-parse-fn-glyph?
+  (fn (v) (some (fn (g) (= g v)) apl-parse-fn-glyphs)))
+
+(define tok-type (fn (tok) (get tok :type)))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Collect trailing operators starting at index i
+; Returns {:ops (op ...) :end new-i}
+; ============================================================
+
+(define tok-val (fn (tok) (get tok :value)))
+
+(define
+  is-op-tok?
+  (fn
+    (tok)
+    (and (= (tok-type tok) :glyph) (apl-parse-op-glyph? (tok-val tok)))))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Build a derived-fn node by chaining operators left-to-right
+; (+/¨  →  (:derived-fn "¨" (:derived-fn "/" (:fn-glyph "+"))))
+; ============================================================
+
+(define
+  is-fn-tok?
+  (fn
+    (tok)
+    (or
+      (and (= (tok-type tok) :glyph) (apl-parse-fn-glyph? (tok-val tok)))
+      (and
+        (= (tok-type tok) :name)
+        (or
+          (some (fn (q) (= q (tok-val tok))) apl-quad-fn-names)
+          (some (fn (q) (= q (tok-val tok))) apl-known-fn-names))))))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Find matching close bracket/paren/brace
+; Returns the index of the matching close token
+; ============================================================
+
+(define collect-ops (fn (tokens i) (collect-ops-loop tokens i (list))))
+
+(define
+  collect-ops-loop
+  (fn
+    (tokens i acc)
+    (if
+      (>= i (len tokens))
+      {:end i :ops acc}
+      (let
+        ((tok (nth tokens i)))
+        (if
+          (is-op-tok? tok)
+          (collect-ops-loop tokens (+ i 1) (append acc (tok-val tok)))
+          {:end i :ops acc})))))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Segment collection: scan tokens left-to-right, building
+; a list of {:kind "val"/"fn" :node ast} segments.
+; Operators following function glyphs are merged into
+; derived-fn nodes during this pass.
+; ============================================================
+
+(define
+  build-derived-fn
+  (fn
+    (fn-node ops)
+    (if
+      (= (len ops) 0)
+      fn-node
+      (build-derived-fn (list :derived-fn (first ops) fn-node) (rest ops)))))
+
+(define
+  find-matching-close
+  (fn
+    (tokens start open-type close-type)
+    (find-matching-close-loop tokens start open-type close-type 1)))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Build tree from segment list
+;
+; The segments are in left-to-right order.
+; APL evaluates right-to-left, so the LEFTMOST function is
+; the outermost (last-evaluated) node.
+;
+; Patterns:
+;   [val]              → val node
+;   [fn val ...]       → (:monad fn (build-tree rest))
+;   [val fn val ...]   → (:dyad fn val (build-tree rest))
+;   [val val ...]      → (:vec val1 val2 ...) — strand
+; ============================================================
+
+; Find the index of the first function segment (returns -1 if none)
+(define
+  find-matching-close-loop
+  (fn
+    (tokens i open-type close-type depth)
+    (if
+      (>= i (len tokens))
+      (len tokens)
+      (let
+        ((tt (tok-type (nth tokens i))))
+        (cond
+          ((= tt open-type)
+            (find-matching-close-loop
+              tokens
+              (+ i 1)
+              open-type
+              close-type
+              (+ depth 1)))
+          ((= tt close-type)
+            (if
+              (= depth 1)
+              i
+              (find-matching-close-loop
+                tokens
+                (+ i 1)
+                open-type
+                close-type
+                (- depth 1))))
+          (true
+            (find-matching-close-loop
+              tokens
+              (+ i 1)
+              open-type
+              close-type
+              depth)))))))
+
+(define
+  collect-segments
+  (fn (tokens) (collect-segments-loop tokens 0 (list))))
+
+; Build an array node from 0..n value segments
+; If n=1 → return that segment's node
+; If n>1 → return (:vec node1 node2 ...)
+(define
+  collect-segments-loop
+  (fn
+    (tokens i acc)
+    (if
+      (>= i (len tokens))
+      acc
+      (let
+        ((tok (nth tokens i)) (n (len tokens)))
+        (let
+          ((tt (tok-type tok)) (tv (tok-val tok)))
+          (cond
+            ((or (= tt :diamond) (= tt :newline) (= tt :semi))
+              (collect-segments-loop tokens (+ i 1) acc))
+            ((= tt :num)
+              (collect-segments-loop tokens (+ i 1) (append acc {:kind "val" :node (list :num tv)})))
+            ((= tt :str)
+              (collect-segments-loop tokens (+ i 1) (append acc {:kind "val" :node (list :str tv)})))
+            ((= tt :name)
+              (cond
+                ((and (< (+ i 1) (len tokens)) (= (tok-type (nth tokens (+ i 1))) :assign))
+                  (let
+                    ((rhs-tokens (slice tokens (+ i 2) (len tokens))))
+                    (let
+                      ((rhs-expr (parse-apl-expr rhs-tokens)))
+                      (collect-segments-loop
+                        tokens
+                        (len tokens)
+                        (append acc {:kind "val" :node (list :assign-expr tv rhs-expr)})))))
+                ((some (fn (q) (= q tv)) apl-quad-fn-names)
+                  (let
+                    ((op-result (collect-ops tokens (+ i 1))))
+                    (let
+                      ((ops (get op-result :ops))
+                        (ni (get op-result :end)))
+                      (let
+                        ((fn-node (build-derived-fn (list :fn-glyph tv) ops)))
+                        (collect-segments-loop
+                          tokens
+                          ni
+                          (append acc {:kind "fn" :node fn-node}))))))
+                ((some (fn (q) (= q tv)) apl-known-fn-names)
+                  (let
+                    ((op-result (collect-ops tokens (+ i 1))))
+                    (let
+                      ((ops (get op-result :ops))
+                        (ni (get op-result :end)))
+                      (let
+                        ((fn-node (build-derived-fn (list :fn-name tv) ops)))
+                        (collect-segments-loop
+                          tokens
+                          ni
+                          (append acc {:kind "fn" :node fn-node}))))))
+                (else
+                  (let
+                    ((br (maybe-bracket (list :name tv) tokens (+ i 1))))
+                    (collect-segments-loop
+                      tokens
+                      (nth br 1)
+                      (append acc {:kind "val" :node (nth br 0)}))))))
+            ((= tt :lparen)
+              (let
+                ((end (find-matching-close tokens (+ i 1) :lparen :rparen)))
+                (let
+                  ((inner-tokens (slice tokens (+ i 1) end))
+                    (after (+ end 1)))
+                  (let
+                    ((inner-segs (collect-segments inner-tokens)))
+                    (if
+                      (and
+                        (>= (len inner-segs) 2)
+                        (every? (fn (s) (= (get s :kind) "fn")) inner-segs))
+                      (let
+                        ((train-node (cons :train (map (fn (s) (get s :node)) inner-segs))))
+                        (collect-segments-loop
+                          tokens
+                          after
+                          (append acc {:kind "fn" :node train-node})))
+                      (let
+                        ((br (maybe-bracket (parse-apl-expr inner-tokens) tokens after)))
+                        (collect-segments-loop
+                          tokens
+                          (nth br 1)
+                          (append acc {:kind "val" :node (nth br 0)}))))))))
+            ((= tt :lbrace)
+              (let
+                ((end (find-matching-close tokens (+ i 1) :lbrace :rbrace)))
+                (let
+                  ((inner-tokens (slice tokens (+ i 1) end))
+                    (after (+ end 1)))
+                  (collect-segments-loop tokens after (append acc {:kind "fn" :node (parse-dfn inner-tokens)})))))
+            ((= tt :glyph)
+              (cond
+                ((or (= tv "⍺") (= tv "⍵"))
+                  (if
+                    (and
+                      (< (+ i 1) (len tokens))
+                      (= (tok-type (nth tokens (+ i 1))) :assign))
+                    (let
+                      ((rhs-tokens (slice tokens (+ i 2) (len tokens))))
+                      (let
+                        ((rhs-expr (parse-apl-expr rhs-tokens)))
+                        (collect-segments-loop
+                          tokens
+                          (len tokens)
+                          (append acc {:kind "val" :node (list :assign-expr tv rhs-expr)}))))
+                    (collect-segments-loop
+                      tokens
+                      (+ i 1)
+                      (append acc {:kind "val" :node (list :name tv)}))))
+                ((= tv "∇")
+                  (collect-segments-loop
+                    tokens
+                    (+ i 1)
+                    (append acc {:kind "fn" :node (list :fn-glyph "∇")})))
+                ((and (= tv "∘") (< (+ i 1) n) (= (tok-val (nth tokens (+ i 1))) "."))
+                  (if
+                    (and (< (+ i 2) n) (is-fn-tok? (nth tokens (+ i 2))))
+                    (let
+                      ((fn-tv (tok-val (nth tokens (+ i 2)))))
+                      (let
+                        ((op-result (collect-ops tokens (+ i 3))))
+                        (let
+                          ((ops (get op-result :ops))
+                            (ni (get op-result :end)))
+                          (let
+                            ((fn-node (build-derived-fn (list :fn-glyph fn-tv) ops)))
+                            (collect-segments-loop
+                              tokens
+                              ni
+                              (append acc {:kind "fn" :node (list :outer "∘." fn-node)}))))))
+                    (collect-segments-loop tokens (+ i 1) acc)))
+                ((apl-parse-fn-glyph? tv)
+                  (let
+                    ((op-result (collect-ops tokens (+ i 1))))
+                    (let
+                      ((ops (get op-result :ops))
+                        (ni (get op-result :end)))
+                      (if
+                        (and
+                          (= (len ops) 1)
+                          (= (first ops) ".")
+                          (< ni n)
+                          (is-fn-tok? (nth tokens ni)))
+                        (let
+                          ((g-tv (tok-val (nth tokens ni))))
+                          (let
+                            ((op-result2 (collect-ops tokens (+ ni 1))))
+                            (let
+                              ((ops2 (get op-result2 :ops))
+                                (ni2 (get op-result2 :end)))
+                              (let
+                                ((g-node (build-derived-fn (list :fn-glyph g-tv) ops2)))
+                                (collect-segments-loop
+                                  tokens
+                                  ni2
+                                  (append acc {:kind "fn" :node (list :derived-fn2 "." (list :fn-glyph tv) g-node)}))))))
+                        (let
+                          ((fn-node (build-derived-fn (list :fn-glyph tv) ops)))
+                          (collect-segments-loop
+                            tokens
+                            ni
+                            (append acc {:kind "fn" :node fn-node})))))))
+                ((apl-parse-op-glyph? tv)
+                  (if
+                    (or (= tv "/") (= tv "⌿") (= tv "\\") (= tv "⍀"))
+                    (collect-segments-loop
+                      tokens
+                      (+ i 1)
+                      (append acc {:kind "fn" :node (list :fn-glyph tv)}))
+                    (collect-segments-loop tokens (+ i 1) acc)))
+                (true (collect-segments-loop tokens (+ i 1) acc))))
+            (true (collect-segments-loop tokens (+ i 1) acc))))))))
+
+(define find-first-fn (fn (segs) (find-first-fn-loop segs 0)))
+
+
+; ============================================================
+; Split token list on statement separators (diamond / newline)
+; Only splits at depth 0 (ignores separators inside { } or ( ) )
+; ============================================================
+
+(define
+  find-first-fn-loop
+  (fn
+    (segs i)
+    (if
+      (>= i (len segs))
+      -1
+      (if
+        (= (get (nth segs i) :kind) "fn")
+        i
+        (find-first-fn-loop segs (+ i 1))))))
+
+(define
+  segs-to-array
+  (fn
+    (segs)
+    (if
+      (= (len segs) 1)
+      (get (first segs) :node)
+      (cons :vec (map (fn (s) (get s :node)) segs)))))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Parse a dfn body (tokens between { and })
+; Handles guard expressions: cond : expr
+; ============================================================
+
+(define
+  build-tree
+  (fn
+    (segs)
+    (cond
+      ((= (len segs) 0) nil)
+      ((= (len segs) 1) (get (first segs) :node))
+      ((every? (fn (s) (= (get s :kind) "val")) segs)
+        (segs-to-array segs))
+      (true
+        (let
+          ((fn-idx (find-first-fn segs)))
+          (cond
+            ((= fn-idx -1) (segs-to-array segs))
+            ((= fn-idx 0)
+              (list
+                :monad (get (first segs) :node)
+                (build-tree (rest segs))))
+            (true
+              (let
+                ((left-segs (slice segs 0 fn-idx))
+                  (fn-seg (nth segs fn-idx))
+                  (right-segs (slice segs (+ fn-idx 1))))
+                (list
+                  :dyad (get fn-seg :node)
+                  (segs-to-array left-segs)
+                  (build-tree right-segs))))))))))
+
+(define
+  split-statements
+  (fn (tokens) (split-statements-loop tokens (list) (list) 0)))
+
+(define
+  split-statements-loop
+  (fn
+    (tokens current-stmt acc depth)
+    (if
+      (= (len tokens) 0)
+      (if (> (len current-stmt) 0) (append acc (list current-stmt)) acc)
+      (let
+        ((tok (first tokens))
+          (rest-toks (rest tokens))
+          (tt (tok-type (first tokens))))
+        (cond
+          ((or (= tt :lparen) (= tt :lbrace) (= tt :lbracket))
+            (split-statements-loop
+              rest-toks
+              (append current-stmt tok)
+              acc
+              (+ depth 1)))
+          ((or (= tt :rparen) (= tt :rbrace) (= tt :rbracket))
+            (split-statements-loop
+              rest-toks
+              (append current-stmt tok)
+              acc
+              (- depth 1)))
+          ((and (> depth 0) (or (= tt :diamond) (= tt :newline)))
+            (split-statements-loop
+              rest-toks
+              (append current-stmt tok)
+              acc
+              depth))
+          ((and (= depth 0) (or (= tt :diamond) (= tt :newline)))
+            (if
+              (> (len current-stmt) 0)
+              (split-statements-loop
+                rest-toks
+                (list)
+                (append acc (list current-stmt))
+                depth)
+              (split-statements-loop rest-toks (list) acc depth)))
+          (true
+            (split-statements-loop
+              rest-toks
+              (append current-stmt tok)
+              acc
+              depth)))))))
+
+(define
+  parse-dfn
+  (fn
+    (tokens)
+    (let
+      ((stmt-groups (split-statements tokens)))
+      (let ((stmts (map parse-dfn-stmt stmt-groups))) (cons :dfn stmts)))))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Parse a single statement (assignment or expression)
+; ============================================================
+
+(define
+  parse-dfn-stmt
+  (fn
+    (tokens)
+    (let
+      ((colon-idx (find-top-level-colon tokens 0)))
+      (if
+        (>= colon-idx 0)
+        (let
+          ((cond-tokens (slice tokens 0 colon-idx))
+            (body-tokens (slice tokens (+ colon-idx 1))))
+          (list
+            :guard (parse-apl-expr cond-tokens)
+            (parse-apl-expr body-tokens)))
+        (parse-stmt tokens)))))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Parse an expression from a flat token list
+; ============================================================
+
+(define
+  find-top-level-colon
+  (fn (tokens i) (find-top-level-colon-loop tokens i 0)))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Main entry point
+; parse-apl: string → AST
+; ============================================================
+
+(define
+  find-top-level-colon-loop
+  (fn
+    (tokens i depth)
+    (if
+      (>= i (len tokens))
+      -1
+      (let
+        ((tok (nth tokens i)) (tt (tok-type (nth tokens i))))
+        (cond
+          ((or (= tt :lparen) (= tt :lbrace) (= tt :lbracket))
+            (find-top-level-colon-loop tokens (+ i 1) (+ depth 1)))
+          ((or (= tt :rparen) (= tt :rbrace) (= tt :rbracket))
+            (find-top-level-colon-loop tokens (+ i 1) (- depth 1)))
+          ((and (= tt :colon) (= depth 0)) i)
+          (true (find-top-level-colon-loop tokens (+ i 1) depth)))))))
+
+(define
+  parse-stmt
+  (fn
+    (tokens)
+    (if
+      (and
+        (>= (len tokens) 2)
+        (= (tok-type (nth tokens 0)) :name)
+        (= (tok-type (nth tokens 1)) :assign))
+      (list
+        :assign (tok-val (nth tokens 0))
+        (parse-apl-expr (slice tokens 2)))
+      (parse-apl-expr tokens))))
+
+(define
+  parse-apl-expr
+  (fn
+    (tokens)
+    (let
+      ((segs (collect-segments tokens)))
+      (if (= (len segs) 0) nil (build-tree segs)))))
+
+(define
+  parse-apl
+  (fn
+    (src)
+    (let
+      ((tokens (apl-tokenize src)))
+      (let
+        ((stmt-groups (split-statements tokens)))
+        (begin
+          (apl-collect-fn-bindings stmt-groups)
+          (if
+            (= (len stmt-groups) 0)
+            nil
+            (if
+              (= (len stmt-groups) 1)
+              (parse-stmt (first stmt-groups))
+              (cons :program (map parse-stmt stmt-groups)))))))))
+
+(define
+  split-bracket-loop
+  (fn
+    (tokens current acc depth)
+    (if
+      (= (len tokens) 0)
+      (append acc (list current))
+      (let
+        ((tok (first tokens)) (more (rest tokens)))
+        (let
+          ((tt (tok-type tok)))
+          (cond
+            ((or (= tt :lparen) (= tt :lbrace) (= tt :lbracket))
+              (split-bracket-loop
+                more
+                (append current (list tok))
+                acc
+                (+ depth 1)))
+            ((or (= tt :rparen) (= tt :rbrace) (= tt :rbracket))
+              (split-bracket-loop
+                more
+                (append current (list tok))
+                acc
+                (- depth 1)))
+            ((and (= tt :semi) (= depth 0))
+              (split-bracket-loop
+                more
+                (list)
+                (append acc (list current))
+                depth))
+            (else
+              (split-bracket-loop more (append current (list tok)) acc depth))))))))
+
+(define
+  split-bracket-content
+  (fn (tokens) (split-bracket-loop tokens (list) (list) 0)))
+
+(define
+  maybe-bracket
+  (fn
+    (val-node tokens after)
+    (if
+      (and
+        (< after (len tokens))
+        (= (tok-type (nth tokens after)) :lbracket))
+      (let
+        ((end (find-matching-close tokens (+ after 1) :lbracket :rbracket)))
+        (let
+          ((inner-tokens (slice tokens (+ after 1) end))
+            (next-after (+ end 1)))
+          (let
+            ((sections (split-bracket-content inner-tokens)))
+            (if
+              (= (len sections) 1)
+              (let
+                ((idx-expr (parse-apl-expr inner-tokens)))
+                (let
+                  ((indexed (list :dyad (list :fn-glyph "⌷") idx-expr val-node)))
+                  (maybe-bracket indexed tokens next-after)))
+              (let
+                ((axis-exprs (map (fn (toks) (if (= (len toks) 0) :all (parse-apl-expr toks))) sections)))
+                (let
+                  ((indexed (cons :bracket (cons val-node axis-exprs))))
+                  (maybe-bracket indexed tokens next-after)))))))
+      (list val-node after))))

lib/apl/scoreboard.json

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "suites": {
+    "structural": {"pass": 94, "fail": 0},
+    "operators": {"pass": 117, "fail": 0},
+    "dfn": {"pass": 24, "fail": 0},
+    "tradfn": {"pass": 25, "fail": 0},
+    "valence": {"pass": 14, "fail": 0},
+    "programs": {"pass": 45, "fail": 0},
+    "system": {"pass": 13, "fail": 0},
+    "idioms": {"pass": 64, "fail": 0},
+    "eval-ops": {"pass": 14, "fail": 0},
+    "pipeline": {"pass": 40, "fail": 0}
+  },
+  "total_pass": 450,
+  "total_fail": 0,
+  "total": 450
+}

lib/apl/scoreboard.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# APL Conformance Scoreboard
+
+_Generated by `lib/apl/conformance.sh`_
+
+| Suite | Pass | Fail | Total |
+|-------|-----:|-----:|------:|
+| structural | 94 | 0 | 94 |
+| operators | 117 | 0 | 117 |
+| dfn | 24 | 0 | 24 |
+| tradfn | 25 | 0 | 25 |
+| valence | 14 | 0 | 14 |
+| programs | 45 | 0 | 45 |
+| system | 13 | 0 | 13 |
+| idioms | 64 | 0 | 64 |
+| eval-ops | 14 | 0 | 14 |
+| pipeline | 40 | 0 | 40 |
+| **Total** | **450** | **0** | **450** |
+
+## Notes
+
+- Suites use the standard `apl-test name got expected` framework loaded against `lib/apl/runtime.sx` + `lib/apl/transpile.sx`.
+- `lib/apl/tests/parse.sx` and `lib/apl/tests/scalar.sx` use their own self-contained frameworks and are excluded from this scoreboard.

lib/apl/test.sh

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 set -uo pipefail
 cd "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
 
-SX_SERVER="${SX_SERVER:-hosts/ocaml/_build/default/bin/sx_server.exe}"
+SX_SERVER="${SX_SERVER:-/root/rose-ash/hosts/ocaml/_build/default/bin/sx_server.exe}"
 if [ ! -x "$SX_SERVER" ]; then
-  SX_SERVER="/root/rose-ash/hosts/ocaml/_build/default/bin/sx_server.exe"
+  SX_SERVER="hosts/ocaml/_build/default/bin/sx_server.exe"
 fi
 if [ ! -x "$SX_SERVER" ]; then
   echo "ERROR: sx_server.exe not found."
@@ -18,19 +18,38 @@ TMPFILE=$(mktemp); trap "rm -f $TMPFILE" EXIT
 cat > "$TMPFILE" << 'EPOCHS'
 (epoch 1)
 (load "spec/stdlib.sx")
+(load "lib/r7rs.sx")
 (load "lib/apl/runtime.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tokenizer.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/parser.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/transpile.sx")
 (epoch 2)
-(load "lib/apl/tests/runtime.sx")
+(eval "(define apl-test-pass 0)")
+(eval "(define apl-test-fail 0)")
+(eval "(define apl-test-fails (list))")
+(eval "(define apl-test (fn (name got expected) (if (= got expected) (set! apl-test-pass (+ apl-test-pass 1)) (begin (set! apl-test-fail (+ apl-test-fail 1)) (set! apl-test-fails (append apl-test-fails (list {:name name :got got :expected expected})))))))")
 (epoch 3)
+(load "lib/apl/tests/structural.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tests/operators.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tests/dfn.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tests/tradfn.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tests/valence.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tests/programs.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tests/system.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tests/idioms.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tests/eval-ops.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tests/pipeline.sx")
+(load "lib/apl/tests/programs-e2e.sx")
+(epoch 4)
 (eval "(list apl-test-pass apl-test-fail)")
 EPOCHS
 
-OUTPUT=$(timeout 60 "$SX_SERVER" < "$TMPFILE" 2>/dev/null)
+OUTPUT=$(timeout 300 "$SX_SERVER" < "$TMPFILE" 2>/dev/null)
 
-LINE=$(echo "$OUTPUT" | awk '/^\(ok-len 3 / {getline; print; exit}')
+LINE=$(echo "$OUTPUT" | awk '/^\(ok-len 4 / {getline; print; exit}')
 if [ -z "$LINE" ]; then
-  LINE=$(echo "$OUTPUT" | grep -E '^\(ok 3 \([0-9]+ [0-9]+\)\)' | tail -1 \
-          | sed -E 's/^\(ok 3 //; s/\)$//')
+  LINE=$(echo "$OUTPUT" | grep -E '^\(ok 4 \([0-9]+ [0-9]+\)\)' | tail -1 \
+          | sed -E 's/^\(ok 4 //; s/\)$//')
 fi
 if [ -z "$LINE" ]; then
   echo "ERROR: could not extract summary"

lib/apl/tests/dfn.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+; Tests for apl-eval-ast and apl-call-dfn (manual AST construction).
+
+(define rv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define sh (fn (arr) (get arr :shape)))
+
+(define mknum (fn (n) (list :num n)))
+(define mkname (fn (s) (list :name s)))
+(define mkfg (fn (g) (list :fn-glyph g)))
+(define mkmon (fn (g a) (list :monad (mkfg g) a)))
+(define mkdyd (fn (g l r) (list :dyad (mkfg g) l r)))
+(define mkdfn1 (fn (body) (list :dfn body)))
+(define mkprog (fn (stmts) (cons :program stmts)))
+
+(define mkasg (fn (mkname expr) (list :assign mkname expr)))
+
+(define mkgrd (fn (c e) (list :guard c e)))
+
+(define mkdfn (fn (stmts) (cons :dfn stmts)))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval :num literal"
+  (rv (apl-eval-ast (mknum 42) {}))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval :num literal shape"
+  (sh (apl-eval-ast (mknum 42) {}))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval :dyad +"
+  (rv (apl-eval-ast (mkdyd "+" (mknum 2) (mknum 3)) {}))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval :dyad ×"
+  (rv (apl-eval-ast (mkdyd "×" (mknum 6) (mknum 7)) {}))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval :monad - (negate)"
+  (rv (apl-eval-ast (mkmon "-" (mknum 7)) {}))
+  (list -7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval :monad ⌊ (floor)"
+  (rv (apl-eval-ast (mkmon "⌊" (mknum 3)) {}))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval :name ⍵ from env"
+  (rv (apl-eval-ast (mkname "⍵") {:omega (apl-scalar 99) :alpha nil}))
+  (list 99))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval :name ⍺ from env"
+  (rv (apl-eval-ast (mkname "⍺") {:omega nil :alpha (apl-scalar 7)}))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn {⍵+1} called monadic"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn-m
+      (mkdfn1 (mkdyd "+" (mkname "⍵") (mknum 1)))
+      (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn {⍺+⍵} called dyadic"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn
+      (mkdfn1 (mkdyd "+" (mkname "⍺") (mkname "⍵")))
+      (apl-scalar 4)
+      (apl-scalar 9)))
+  (list 13))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn {⍺×⍵} dyadic on vectors"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn
+      (mkdfn1 (mkdyd "×" (mkname "⍺") (mkname "⍵")))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))))
+  (list 10 40 90))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn {-⍵} monadic negate"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn-m
+      (mkdfn1 (mkmon "-" (mkname "⍵")))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list -1 -2 -3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn {⍺-⍵} dyadic subtract scalar"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn
+      (mkdfn1 (mkdyd "-" (mkname "⍺") (mkname "⍵")))
+      (apl-scalar 10)
+      (apl-scalar 3)))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn {⌈⍺,⍵} not used (just verify : missing) — ceiling of right"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn-m (mkdfn1 (mkmon "⌈" (mkname "⍵"))) (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn nested dyad"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn
+      (mkdfn1
+        (mkdyd "+" (mkname "⍺") (mkdyd "×" (mkname "⍵") (mknum 2))))
+      (apl-scalar 1)
+      (apl-scalar 3)))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn local assign x←⍵+1; ⍺×x"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn
+      (mkdfn
+        (list
+          (mkasg "x" (mkdyd "+" (mkname "⍵") (mknum 1)))
+          (mkdyd "×" (mkname "⍺") (mkname "x"))))
+      (apl-scalar 3)
+      (apl-scalar 4)))
+  (list 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn guard: 0=⍵:99; ⍵×2 (true branch)"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn-m
+      (mkdfn
+        (list
+          (mkgrd (mkdyd "=" (mknum 0) (mkname "⍵")) (mknum 99))
+          (mkdyd "×" (mkname "⍵") (mknum 2))))
+      (apl-scalar 0)))
+  (list 99))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn guard: 0=⍵:99; ⍵×2 (false branch)"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn-m
+      (mkdfn
+        (list
+          (mkgrd (mkdyd "=" (mknum 0) (mkname "⍵")) (mknum 99))
+          (mkdyd "×" (mkname "⍵") (mknum 2))))
+      (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn default ⍺←10 used (monadic call)"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn-m
+      (mkdfn
+        (list
+          (mkasg "⍺" (mknum 10))
+          (mkdyd "+" (mkname "⍺") (mkname "⍵"))))
+      (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn default ⍺←10 ignored when ⍺ given (dyadic call)"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn
+      (mkdfn
+        (list
+          (mkasg "⍺" (mknum 10))
+          (mkdyd "+" (mkname "⍺") (mkname "⍵"))))
+      (apl-scalar 100)
+      (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 105))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn ∇ recursion: factorial via guard"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn-m
+      (mkdfn
+        (list
+          (mkgrd (mkdyd "=" (mknum 0) (mkname "⍵")) (mknum 1))
+          (mkdyd
+            "×"
+            (mkname "⍵")
+            (mkmon "∇" (mkdyd "-" (mkname "⍵") (mknum 1))))))
+      (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 120))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn ∇ recursion: 3 → 6 (factorial)"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn-m
+      (mkdfn
+        (list
+          (mkgrd (mkdyd "=" (mknum 0) (mkname "⍵")) (mknum 1))
+          (mkdyd
+            "×"
+            (mkname "⍵")
+            (mkmon "∇" (mkdyd "-" (mkname "⍵") (mknum 1))))))
+      (apl-scalar 3)))
+  (list 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn local: x←⍵+10; y←x×2; y"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn-m
+      (mkdfn
+        (list
+          (mkasg "x" (mkdyd "+" (mkname "⍵") (mknum 10)))
+          (mkasg "y" (mkdyd "×" (mkname "x") (mknum 2)))
+          (mkname "y")))
+      (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 30))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn first guard wins: many guards"
+  (rv
+    (apl-call-dfn-m
+      (mkdfn
+        (list
+          (mkgrd (mkdyd "=" (mknum 1) (mkname "⍵")) (mknum 100))
+          (mkgrd (mkdyd "=" (mknum 2) (mkname "⍵")) (mknum 200))
+          (mkgrd (mkdyd "=" (mknum 3) (mkname "⍵")) (mknum 300))
+          (mknum 0)))
+      (apl-scalar 2)))
+  (list 200))

lib/apl/tests/eval-ops.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+; Tests for operator handling in apl-eval-ast (Phase 7).
+; Manual AST construction; verifies :derived-fn / :outer / :derived-fn2
+; route through apl-resolve-monadic / apl-resolve-dyadic correctly.
+
+(define mkrv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define mksh (fn (arr) (get arr :shape)))
+(define mknum (fn (n) (list :num n)))
+(define mkfg (fn (g) (list :fn-glyph g)))
+(define mkmon (fn (g a) (list :monad g a)))
+(define mkdyd (fn (g l r) (list :dyad g l r)))
+(define mkder (fn (op f) (list :derived-fn op f)))
+(define mkdr2 (fn (op f g) (list :derived-fn2 op f g)))
+(define mkout (fn (f) (list :outer "∘." f)))
+
+; helper: literal vector AST via :vec (from list of values)
+(define mkvec (fn (xs) (cons :vec (map (fn (n) (mknum n)) xs))))
+
+; ---------- monadic operators ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast +/ ⍳5 → 15"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkmon (mkder "/" (mkfg "+")) (mkmon (mkfg "⍳") (mknum 5)))
+      {}))
+  (list 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast ×/ ⍳5 → 120"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkmon (mkder "/" (mkfg "×")) (mkmon (mkfg "⍳") (mknum 5)))
+      {}))
+  (list 120))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast ⌈/ — max reduce"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkmon (mkder "/" (mkfg "⌈")) (mkvec (list 3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6)))
+      {}))
+  (list 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast +\\ scan"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkmon (mkder "\\" (mkfg "+")) (mkvec (list 1 2 3 4 5)))
+      {}))
+  (list 1 3 6 10 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast +⌿ first-axis reduce on vector"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkmon (mkder "⌿" (mkfg "+")) (mkvec (list 1 2 3 4 5)))
+      {}))
+  (list 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast -¨ each-negate"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkmon (mkder "¨" (mkfg "-")) (mkvec (list 1 2 3 4)))
+      {}))
+  (list -1 -2 -3 -4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast +⍨ commute (double via x+x)"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast (mkmon (mkder "⍨" (mkfg "+")) (mknum 7)) {}))
+  (list 14))
+
+; ---------- dyadic operators ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast outer ∘.× — multiplication table"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkdyd
+        (mkout (mkfg "×"))
+        (mkvec (list 1 2 3))
+        (mkvec (list 1 2 3)))
+      {}))
+  (list 1 2 3 2 4 6 3 6 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast outer ∘.× shape (3 3)"
+  (mksh
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkdyd
+        (mkout (mkfg "×"))
+        (mkvec (list 1 2 3))
+        (mkvec (list 1 2 3)))
+      {}))
+  (list 3 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast inner +.× — dot product"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkdyd
+        (mkdr2 "." (mkfg "+") (mkfg "×"))
+        (mkvec (list 1 2 3))
+        (mkvec (list 4 5 6)))
+      {}))
+  (list 32))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast inner ∧.= equal vectors"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkdyd
+        (mkdr2 "." (mkfg "∧") (mkfg "="))
+        (mkvec (list 1 2 3))
+        (mkvec (list 1 2 3)))
+      {}))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast each-dyadic +¨"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkdyd
+        (mkder "¨" (mkfg "+"))
+        (mkvec (list 1 2 3))
+        (mkvec (list 10 20 30)))
+      {}))
+  (list 11 22 33))
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast commute -⍨ (subtract swapped)"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkdyd (mkder "⍨" (mkfg "-")) (mknum 5) (mknum 3))
+      {}))
+  (list -2))
+
+; ---------- nested operators ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "eval-ast +/¨ — sum of each"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-eval-ast
+      (mkmon (mkder "/" (mkfg "+")) (mkvec (list 10 20 30)))
+      {}))
+  (list 60))

lib/apl/tests/idioms.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+; APL idiom corpus — classic Roger Hui / Phil Last idioms expressed
+; through our runtime primitives.  Each test names the APL one-liner
+; and verifies the equivalent runtime call.
+
+(define mkrv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define mksh (fn (arr) (get arr :shape)))
+
+; ---------- reductions ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "+/⍵ — sum"
+  (mkrv (apl-reduce apl-add (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "(+/⍵)÷⍴⍵ — mean"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-div
+      (apl-reduce apl-add (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5)))
+      (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⌈/⍵ — max"
+  (mkrv (apl-reduce apl-max (make-array (list 6) (list 3 1 4 1 5 9))))
+  (list 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⌊/⍵ — min"
+  (mkrv (apl-reduce apl-min (make-array (list 6) (list 3 1 4 1 5 9))))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "(⌈/⍵)-⌊/⍵ — range"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-sub
+      (apl-reduce apl-max (make-array (list 6) (list 3 1 4 1 5 9)))
+      (apl-reduce apl-min (make-array (list 6) (list 3 1 4 1 5 9)))))
+  (list 8))
+
+(apl-test
+  "×/⍵ — product"
+  (mkrv (apl-reduce apl-mul (make-array (list 4) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list 24))
+
+(apl-test
+  "+\\⍵ — running sum"
+  (mkrv (apl-scan apl-add (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 3 6 10 15))
+
+; ---------- sort / order ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "⍵[⍋⍵] — sort ascending"
+  (mkrv (apl-quicksort (make-array (list 5) (list 3 1 4 1 5))))
+  (list 1 1 3 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⌽⍵ — reverse"
+  (mkrv (apl-reverse (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 5 4 3 2 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⊃⌽⍵ — last element"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-disclose (apl-reverse (make-array (list 4) (list 10 20 30 40)))))
+  (list 40))
+
+(apl-test
+  "1↑⍵ — first element"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-take (apl-scalar 1) (make-array (list 4) (list 10 20 30 40))))
+  (list 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "1↓⍵ — drop first"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-drop (apl-scalar 1) (make-array (list 4) (list 10 20 30 40))))
+  (list 20 30 40))
+
+(apl-test
+  "¯1↓⍵ — drop last"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-drop (apl-scalar -1) (make-array (list 4) (list 10 20 30 40))))
+  (list 10 20 30))
+
+; ---------- counts / membership ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "≢⍵ — tally"
+  (mkrv (apl-tally (make-array (list 7) (list 9 8 7 6 5 4 3))))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "+/⍵=v — count occurrences of v"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-reduce
+      apl-add
+      (apl-eq (make-array (list 7) (list 1 2 3 2 1 3 2)) (apl-scalar 2))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "0=N|M — divisibility test"
+  (mkrv (apl-eq (apl-scalar 0) (apl-mod (apl-scalar 3) (apl-scalar 12))))
+  (list 1))
+
+; ---------- shape constructors ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "N⍴1 — vector of N ones"
+  (mkrv (apl-reshape (apl-scalar 5) (apl-scalar 1)))
+  (list 1 1 1 1 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "(N N)⍴0 — N×N zero matrix"
+  (mkrv (apl-reshape (make-array (list 2) (list 3 3)) (apl-scalar 0)))
+  (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⍳∘.=⍳ — N×N identity matrix"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-outer apl-eq (apl-iota (apl-scalar 3)) (apl-iota (apl-scalar 3))))
+  (list 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⍳∘.×⍳ — multiplication table"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-outer apl-mul (apl-iota (apl-scalar 3)) (apl-iota (apl-scalar 3))))
+  (list 1 2 3 2 4 6 3 6 9))
+
+; ---------- numerical idioms ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "+\\⍳N — triangular numbers"
+  (mkrv (apl-scan apl-add (apl-iota (apl-scalar 5))))
+  (list 1 3 6 10 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "+/⍳N=N×(N+1)÷2 — sum of 1..N"
+  (mkrv (apl-reduce apl-add (apl-iota (apl-scalar 10))))
+  (list 55))
+
+(apl-test
+  "×/⍳N — factorial via iota"
+  (mkrv (apl-reduce apl-mul (apl-iota (apl-scalar 5))))
+  (list 120))
+
+(apl-test
+  "2|⍵ — parity (1=odd)"
+  (mkrv (apl-mod (apl-scalar 2) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 0 1 0 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "+/2|⍵ — count odd"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-reduce
+      apl-add
+      (apl-mod (apl-scalar 2) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5)))))
+  (list 3))
+
+; ---------- boolean idioms ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "∧/⍵ — all-true"
+  (mkrv (apl-reduce apl-and (make-array (list 4) (list 1 1 1 1))))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "∧/⍵ — all-true with zero is false"
+  (mkrv (apl-reduce apl-and (make-array (list 4) (list 1 1 0 1))))
+  (list 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "∨/⍵ — any-true"
+  (mkrv (apl-reduce apl-or (make-array (list 4) (list 0 0 1 0))))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "∨/⍵ — any-true all zero is false"
+  (mkrv (apl-reduce apl-or (make-array (list 4) (list 0 0 0 0))))
+  (list 0))
+
+; ---------- selection / scaling ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "⍵×⍵ — square each"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 4) (list 1 2 3 4))
+      (make-array (list 4) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list 1 4 9 16))
+
+(apl-test
+  "+/⍵×⍵ — sum of squares"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-reduce
+      apl-add
+      (apl-mul
+        (make-array (list 4) (list 1 2 3 4))
+        (make-array (list 4) (list 1 2 3 4)))))
+  (list 30))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⍵-(+/⍵)÷⍴⍵ — mean-centered"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-sub
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 2 4 6 8 10))
+      (apl-div
+        (apl-reduce apl-add (make-array (list 5) (list 2 4 6 8 10)))
+        (apl-scalar 5))))
+  (list -4 -2 0 2 4))
+
+; ---------- shape / structure ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  ",⍵ — ravel"
+  (mkrv (apl-ravel (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⍴⍴⍵ — rank"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-shape (apl-shape (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6)))))
+  (list 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: +/⍳N → triangular(N)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "+/⍳100"))
+  (list 5050))
+
+(apl-test "src: ×/⍳N → N!" (mkrv (apl-run "×/⍳6")) (list 720))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ⌈/V — max"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⌈/3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6"))
+  (list 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ⌊/V — min"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⌊/3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6"))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: range = (⌈/V) - ⌊/V"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(⌈/3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6) - ⌊/3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6"))
+  (list 8))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: +\\V — running sum"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "+\\1 2 3 4 5"))
+  (list 1 3 6 10 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ×\\V — running product"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "×\\1 2 3 4 5"))
+  (list 1 2 6 24 120))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: V × V — squares"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(⍳5) × ⍳5"))
+  (list 1 4 9 16 25))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: +/V × V — sum of squares"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "+/(⍳5) × ⍳5"))
+  (list 55))
+
+(apl-test "src: ∧/V — all-true" (mkrv (apl-run "∧/1 1 1 1")) (list 1))
+
+(apl-test "src: ∨/V — any-true" (mkrv (apl-run "∨/0 0 1 0")) (list 1))
+
+(apl-test "src: 0 = N|M — divides" (mkrv (apl-run "0 = 3 | 12")) (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: 2 | V — parity"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "2 | 1 2 3 4 5 6"))
+  (list 1 0 1 0 1 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: +/2|V — count odd"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "+/2 | 1 2 3 4 5 6"))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test "src: ⍴ V" (mkrv (apl-run "⍴ 1 2 3 4 5")) (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ⍴⍴ M — rank"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⍴ ⍴ (2 3) ⍴ ⍳6"))
+  (list 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: N⍴1 — vector of ones"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "5 ⍴ 1"))
+  (list 1 1 1 1 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ⍳N ∘.= ⍳N — identity matrix"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(⍳3) ∘.= ⍳3"))
+  (list 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ⍳N ∘.× ⍳N — multiplication table"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(⍳3) ∘.× ⍳3"))
+  (list 1 2 3 2 4 6 3 6 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: V +.× V — dot product"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "1 2 3 +.× 4 5 6"))
+  (list 32))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ∧.= V — vectors equal?"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "1 2 3 ∧.= 1 2 3"))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: V[1] — first element"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(10 20 30 40)[1]"))
+  (list 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: 1↑V — first via take"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "1 ↑ 10 20 30 40"))
+  (list 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: 1↓V — drop first"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "1 ↓ 10 20 30 40"))
+  (list 20 30 40))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ¯1↓V — drop last"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "¯1 ↓ 10 20 30 40"))
+  (list 10 20 30))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ⌽V — reverse"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⌽ 1 2 3 4 5"))
+  (list 5 4 3 2 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ≢V — tally"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "≢ 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1"))
+  (list 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ,M — ravel"
+  (mkrv (apl-run ", (2 3) ⍴ ⍳6"))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: A=V — count occurrences"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "+/2 = 1 2 3 2 1 3 2"))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "src: ⌈/(V × V) — max squared"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⌈/(1 2 3 4 5) × 1 2 3 4 5"))
+  (list 25))

lib/apl/tests/operators.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,791 @@
+(define rv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define sh (fn (arr) (get arr :shape)))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce +/ vector"
+  (rv (apl-reduce apl-add (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce x/ vector"
+  (rv (apl-reduce apl-mul (make-array (list 4) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list 24))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce max/ vector"
+  (rv (apl-reduce apl-max (make-array (list 5) (list 3 1 4 1 5))))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce min/ vector"
+  (rv (apl-reduce apl-min (make-array (list 3) (list 3 1 4))))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce and/ all true"
+  (rv (apl-reduce apl-and (make-array (list 3) (list 1 1 1))))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce or/ with true"
+  (rv (apl-reduce apl-or (make-array (list 3) (list 0 0 1))))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce +/ single element"
+  (rv (apl-reduce apl-add (make-array (list 1) (list 42))))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce +/ scalar no-op"
+  (rv (apl-reduce apl-add (apl-scalar 7)))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce +/ shape is scalar"
+  (sh (apl-reduce apl-add (make-array (list 4) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce +/ matrix row sums shape"
+  (sh (apl-reduce apl-add (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce +/ matrix row sums values"
+  (rv (apl-reduce apl-add (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 6 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce max/ matrix row maxima"
+  (rv (apl-reduce apl-max (make-array (list 2 3) (list 3 1 4 1 5 9))))
+  (list 4 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce-first +/ vector same as reduce"
+  (rv (apl-reduce-first apl-add (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce-first +/ matrix col sums shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-reduce-first apl-add (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce-first +/ matrix col sums values"
+  (rv
+    (apl-reduce-first apl-add (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 5 7 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reduce-first max/ matrix col maxima"
+  (rv
+    (apl-reduce-first apl-max (make-array (list 3 2) (list 1 9 2 8 3 7))))
+  (list 3 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan +\\ vector"
+  (rv (apl-scan apl-add (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 3 6 10 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan x\\ vector cumulative product"
+  (rv (apl-scan apl-mul (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 2 6 24 120))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan max\\ vector running max"
+  (rv (apl-scan apl-max (make-array (list 5) (list 3 1 4 1 5))))
+  (list 3 3 4 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan min\\ vector running min"
+  (rv (apl-scan apl-min (make-array (list 5) (list 3 1 4 1 5))))
+  (list 3 1 1 1 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan +\\ single element"
+  (rv (apl-scan apl-add (make-array (list 1) (list 42))))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan +\\ scalar no-op"
+  (rv (apl-scan apl-add (apl-scalar 7)))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan +\\ vector preserves shape"
+  (sh (apl-scan apl-add (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan +\\ matrix preserves shape"
+  (sh (apl-scan apl-add (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan +\\ matrix row-wise"
+  (rv (apl-scan apl-add (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 3 6 4 9 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan max\\ matrix row-wise running max"
+  (rv (apl-scan apl-max (make-array (list 2 3) (list 3 1 4 1 5 9))))
+  (list 3 3 4 1 5 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan-first +\\ vector same as scan"
+  (rv (apl-scan-first apl-add (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 3 6 10 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan-first +\\ scalar no-op"
+  (rv (apl-scan-first apl-add (apl-scalar 9)))
+  (list 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan-first +\\ matrix preserves shape"
+  (sh (apl-scan-first apl-add (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan-first +\\ matrix col-wise"
+  (rv (apl-scan-first apl-add (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 2 3 5 7 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "scan-first max\\ matrix col-wise running max"
+  (rv (apl-scan-first apl-max (make-array (list 3 2) (list 3 1 4 1 5 9))))
+  (list 3 1 4 1 5 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each negate vector"
+  (rv (apl-each apl-neg-m (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list -1 -2 -3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each negate vector preserves shape"
+  (sh (apl-each apl-neg-m (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each reciprocal vector"
+  (rv (apl-each apl-recip (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 4))))
+  (list 1 (/ 1 2) (/ 1 4)))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each abs vector"
+  (rv (apl-each apl-abs (make-array (list 4) (list -1 2 -3 4))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4))
+
+(apl-test "each scalar" (rv (apl-each apl-neg-m (apl-scalar 5))) (list -5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each scalar shape"
+  (sh (apl-each apl-neg-m (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each negate matrix shape"
+  (sh (apl-each apl-neg-m (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each negate matrix values"
+  (rv (apl-each apl-neg-m (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each-dyadic scalar+scalar"
+  (rv (apl-each-dyadic apl-add (apl-scalar 3) (apl-scalar 4)))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each-dyadic scalar+vector"
+  (rv
+    (apl-each-dyadic
+      apl-add
+      (apl-scalar 10)
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 11 12 13))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each-dyadic vector+scalar"
+  (rv
+    (apl-each-dyadic
+      apl-add
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (apl-scalar 10)))
+  (list 11 12 13))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each-dyadic vector+vector"
+  (rv
+    (apl-each-dyadic
+      apl-add
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))))
+  (list 11 22 33))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each-dyadic mul matrix+matrix shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-each-dyadic
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 1 2 3 4))
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 5 6 7 8))))
+  (list 2 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "each-dyadic mul matrix+matrix values"
+  (rv
+    (apl-each-dyadic
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 1 2 3 4))
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 5 6 7 8))))
+  (list 5 12 21 32))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product mult table values"
+  (rv
+    (apl-outer
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 1 2 3 2 4 6 3 6 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product mult table shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-outer
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 3 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product add table values"
+  (rv
+    (apl-outer
+      apl-add
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 2))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))))
+  (list 11 21 31 12 22 32))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product add table shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-outer
+      apl-add
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 2))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product scalar+vector shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-outer apl-mul (apl-scalar 5) (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product scalar+vector values"
+  (rv
+    (apl-outer apl-mul (apl-scalar 5) (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 5 10 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product vector+scalar shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-outer apl-mul (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3)) (apl-scalar 10)))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product scalar+scalar"
+  (rv (apl-outer apl-mul (apl-scalar 6) (apl-scalar 7)))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product scalar+scalar shape"
+  (sh (apl-outer apl-mul (apl-scalar 6) (apl-scalar 7)))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product equality identity matrix values"
+  (rv
+    (apl-outer
+      apl-eq
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product matrix+vector rank doubling shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-outer
+      apl-add
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 1 2 3 4))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))))
+  (list 2 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "outer product matrix+vector rank doubling values"
+  (rv
+    (apl-outer
+      apl-add
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 1 2 3 4))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))))
+  (list 11 21 31 12 22 32 13 23 33 14 24 34))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner +.× dot product"
+  (rv
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-add
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 4 5 6))))
+  (list 32))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner +.× dot product shape is scalar"
+  (sh
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-add
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 4 5 6))))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner +.× matrix multiply 2x3 * 3x2 shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-add
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 3 2) (list 7 8 9 10 11 12))))
+  (list 2 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner +.× matrix multiply 2x3 * 3x2 values"
+  (rv
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-add
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 3 2) (list 7 8 9 10 11 12))))
+  (list 58 64 139 154))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner +.× identity matrix 2x2"
+  (rv
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-add
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 1 0 0 1))
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 5 6 7 8))))
+  (list 5 6 7 8))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner ∧.= equal vectors"
+  (rv
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-and
+      apl-eq
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner ∧.= unequal vectors"
+  (rv
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-and
+      apl-eq
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 9 3))))
+  (list 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner +.× matrix * vector shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-add
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 7 8 9))))
+  (list 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner +.× matrix * vector values"
+  (rv
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-add
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 7 8 9))))
+  (list 50 122))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner +.× vector * matrix shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-add
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3 2) (list 4 5 6 7 8 9))))
+  (list 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner +.× vector * matrix values"
+  (rv
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-add
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3 2) (list 4 5 6 7 8 9))))
+  (list 40 46))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inner +.× single-element vectors"
+  (rv
+    (apl-inner
+      apl-add
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 6))
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 7))))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "commute +⍨ scalar doubles"
+  (rv (apl-commute apl-add (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "commute ×⍨ vector squares"
+  (rv (apl-commute apl-mul (make-array (list 4) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list 1 4 9 16))
+
+(apl-test
+  "commute +⍨ vector doubles"
+  (rv (apl-commute apl-add (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 2 4 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "commute +⍨ shape preserved"
+  (sh (apl-commute apl-add (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "commute ×⍨ matrix shape preserved"
+  (sh (apl-commute apl-mul (make-array (list 2 2) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list 2 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "commute-dyadic -⍨ swaps subtraction"
+  (rv (apl-commute-dyadic apl-sub (apl-scalar 5) (apl-scalar 3)))
+  (list -2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "commute-dyadic ÷⍨ swaps division"
+  (rv (apl-commute-dyadic apl-div (apl-scalar 4) (apl-scalar 12)))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "commute-dyadic -⍨ on vectors"
+  (rv
+    (apl-commute-dyadic
+      apl-sub
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list -9 -18 -27))
+
+(apl-test
+  "commute-dyadic +⍨ commutative same result"
+  (rv
+    (apl-commute-dyadic
+      apl-add
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))))
+  (list 11 22 33))
+
+(apl-test
+  "commute-dyadic ×⍨ commutative same result"
+  (rv
+    (apl-commute-dyadic
+      apl-mul
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 2 3 4))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 5 6 7))))
+  (list 10 18 28))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compose -∘| scalar (negative abs)"
+  (rv (apl-compose apl-neg-m apl-abs (apl-scalar -7)))
+  (list -7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compose -∘| vector"
+  (rv
+    (apl-compose apl-neg-m apl-abs (make-array (list 4) (list -1 2 -3 4))))
+  (list -1 -2 -3 -4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compose ⌊∘- (floor of negate)"
+  (rv (apl-compose apl-floor apl-neg-m (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list -1 -2 -3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compose -∘| matrix shape preserved"
+  (sh
+    (apl-compose apl-neg-m apl-abs (make-array (list 2 2) (list -1 2 -3 4))))
+  (list 2 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compose-dyadic +∘- equals subtract scalar"
+  (rv (apl-compose-dyadic apl-add apl-neg-m (apl-scalar 10) (apl-scalar 3)))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compose-dyadic +∘- equals subtract vector"
+  (rv
+    (apl-compose-dyadic
+      apl-add
+      apl-neg-m
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 9 18 27))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compose-dyadic -∘| (subtract abs)"
+  (rv (apl-compose-dyadic apl-sub apl-abs (apl-scalar 10) (apl-scalar -3)))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compose-dyadic ×∘- (multiply by negative)"
+  (rv
+    (apl-compose-dyadic
+      apl-mul
+      apl-neg-m
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 2 3 4))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list -2 -6 -12))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compose-dyadic shape preserved"
+  (sh
+    (apl-compose-dyadic
+      apl-add
+      apl-neg-m
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 1 1 1 1 1))))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "power n=0 identity"
+  (rv (apl-power (fn (a) (apl-add a (apl-scalar 1))) 0 (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "power increment by 3"
+  (rv (apl-power (fn (a) (apl-add a (apl-scalar 1))) 3 (apl-scalar 0)))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "power double 4 times = 16"
+  (rv (apl-power (fn (a) (apl-mul a (apl-scalar 2))) 4 (apl-scalar 1)))
+  (list 16))
+
+(apl-test
+  "power on vector +5"
+  (rv
+    (apl-power
+      (fn (a) (apl-add a (apl-scalar 1)))
+      5
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 6 7 8))
+
+(apl-test
+  "power on vector preserves shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-power
+      (fn (a) (apl-add a (apl-scalar 1)))
+      5
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "power on matrix"
+  (rv
+    (apl-power
+      (fn (a) (apl-mul a (apl-scalar 3)))
+      2
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list 9 18 27 36))
+
+(apl-test
+  "power-fixed identity stops immediately"
+  (rv (apl-power-fixed (fn (a) a) (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "power-fixed floor half scalar to 0"
+  (rv
+    (apl-power-fixed
+      (fn (a) (apl-floor (apl-div a (apl-scalar 2))))
+      (apl-scalar 100)))
+  (list 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "power-fixed shape preserved"
+  (sh
+    (apl-power-fixed (fn (a) a) (make-array (list 2 2) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list 2 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rank tally⍤1 row tallies"
+  (rv (apl-rank apl-tally 1 (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 3 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rank tally⍤1 row tallies shape"
+  (sh (apl-rank apl-tally 1 (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rank neg⍤0 vector scalar cells"
+  (rv (apl-rank apl-neg-m 0 (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list -1 -2 -3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rank neg⍤0 vector preserves shape"
+  (sh (apl-rank apl-neg-m 0 (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rank neg⍤1 matrix per-row"
+  (rv (apl-rank apl-neg-m 1 (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rank neg⍤1 matrix preserves shape"
+  (sh (apl-rank apl-neg-m 1 (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rank k>=rank fallthrough"
+  (rv (apl-rank apl-tally 5 (make-array (list 4) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rank tally⍤2 whole matrix tally"
+  (rv
+    (apl-rank
+      apl-tally
+      2
+      (make-array (list 3 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rank reverse⍤1 matrix reverse rows"
+  (rv (apl-rank apl-reverse 1 (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 3 2 1 6 5 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rank tally⍤1 3x4 row tallies"
+  (rv
+    (apl-rank
+      apl-tally
+      1
+      (make-array (list 3 4) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12))))
+  (list 4 4 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "at-replace single index"
+  (rv
+    (apl-at-replace
+      (apl-scalar 99)
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 2))
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 99 3 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "at-replace multiple indices vector vals"
+  (rv
+    (apl-at-replace
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 99 88))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 2 4))
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 99 3 88 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "at-replace scalar broadcast"
+  (rv
+    (apl-at-replace
+      (apl-scalar 0)
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 3 5))
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 10 20 30 40 50))))
+  (list 0 20 0 40 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "at-replace preserves shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-at-replace
+      (apl-scalar 99)
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 2))
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "at-replace last index"
+  (rv
+    (apl-at-replace
+      (apl-scalar 99)
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 5))
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 99))
+
+(apl-test
+  "at-replace on matrix linear-index"
+  (rv
+    (apl-at-replace
+      (apl-scalar 99)
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 3))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 2 99 4 5 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "at-apply negate at indices"
+  (rv
+    (apl-at-apply
+      apl-neg-m
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 3 5))
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list -1 2 -3 4 -5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "at-apply double at index 1"
+  (rv
+    (apl-at-apply
+      (fn (a) (apl-mul a (apl-scalar 2)))
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 1))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 5 10))))
+  (list 10 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "at-apply preserves shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-at-apply
+      apl-neg-m
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 3))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "at-apply on matrix linear-index"
+  (rv
+    (apl-at-apply
+      apl-neg-m
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 6))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list -1 2 3 4 5 -6))

lib/apl/tests/parse.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+(define apl-test-count 0)
+(define apl-test-pass  0)
+(define apl-test-fails (list))
+
+(define apl-test
+  (fn (name actual expected)
+    (begin
+      (set! apl-test-count (+ apl-test-count 1))
+      (if (= actual expected)
+        (set! apl-test-pass (+ apl-test-pass 1))
+        (append! apl-test-fails {:name name :actual actual :expected expected})))))
+
+(define tok-types
+  (fn (src)
+    (map (fn (t) (get t :type)) (apl-tokenize src))))
+
+(define tok-values
+  (fn (src)
+    (map (fn (t) (get t :value)) (apl-tokenize src))))
+
+(define tok-count
+  (fn (src)
+    (len (apl-tokenize src))))
+
+(define tok-type-at
+  (fn (src i)
+    (get (nth (apl-tokenize src) i) :type)))
+
+(define tok-value-at
+  (fn (src i)
+    (get (nth (apl-tokenize src) i) :value)))
+
+(apl-test "empty: no tokens"        (tok-count "")           0)
+(apl-test "empty: whitespace only"  (tok-count "   ")        0)
+(apl-test "num: zero"               (tok-values "0")         (list 0))
+(apl-test "num: positive"           (tok-values "42")        (list 42))
+(apl-test "num: large"              (tok-values "12345")     (list 12345))
+(apl-test "num: negative"           (tok-values "¯5")        (list -5))
+(apl-test "num: negative zero"      (tok-values "¯0")        (list 0))
+(apl-test "num: strand count"       (tok-count "1 2 3")      3)
+(apl-test "num: strand types"       (tok-types "1 2 3")      (list :num :num :num))
+(apl-test "num: strand values"      (tok-values "1 2 3")     (list 1 2 3))
+(apl-test "num: neg in strand"      (tok-values "1 ¯2 3")    (list 1 -2 3))
+(apl-test "str: empty"              (tok-values "''")        (list ""))
+(apl-test "str: single char"        (tok-values "'a'")       (list "a"))
+(apl-test "str: word"               (tok-values "'hello'")   (list "hello"))
+(apl-test "str: escaped quote"      (tok-values "''''")      (list "'"))
+(apl-test "str: type"               (tok-types "'abc'")      (list :str))
+(apl-test "name: simple"            (tok-values "foo")       (list "foo"))
+(apl-test "name: type"              (tok-types "foo")        (list :name))
+(apl-test "name: mixed case"        (tok-values "MyVar")     (list "MyVar"))
+(apl-test "name: with digits"       (tok-values "x1")        (list "x1"))
+(apl-test "name: system var"        (tok-values "⎕IO")       (list "⎕IO"))
+(apl-test "name: system var type"   (tok-types "⎕IO")        (list :name))
+(apl-test "glyph: plus"             (tok-types "+")          (list :glyph))
+(apl-test "glyph: plus value"       (tok-values "+")         (list "+"))
+(apl-test "glyph: iota"             (tok-values "⍳")         (list "⍳"))
+(apl-test "glyph: reduce"           (tok-values "+/")        (list "+" "/"))
+(apl-test "glyph: floor"            (tok-values "⌊")         (list "⌊"))
+(apl-test "glyph: rho"              (tok-values "⍴")         (list "⍴"))
+(apl-test "glyph: alpha omega"      (tok-types "⍺ ⍵")        (list :glyph :glyph))
+(apl-test "punct: lparen"           (tok-types "(")          (list :lparen))
+(apl-test "punct: rparen"           (tok-types ")")          (list :rparen))
+(apl-test "punct: brackets"         (tok-types "[42]")       (list :lbracket :num :rbracket))
+(apl-test "punct: braces"           (tok-types "{}")         (list :lbrace :rbrace))
+(apl-test "punct: semi"             (tok-types ";")          (list :semi))
+(apl-test "assign: arrow"           (tok-types "x←1")        (list :name :assign :num))
+(apl-test "diamond: separator"      (tok-types "1⋄2")        (list :num :diamond :num))
+(apl-test "newline: emitted"        (tok-types "1\n2")       (list :num :newline :num))
+(apl-test "comment: skipped"        (tok-count "⍝ ignore me") 0)
+(apl-test "comment: rest ignored"   (tok-count "1 ⍝ note")  1)
+(apl-test "colon: bare"             (tok-types ":")          (list :colon))
+(apl-test "keyword: If"             (tok-values ":If")       (list ":If"))
+(apl-test "keyword: type"           (tok-types ":While")     (list :keyword))
+(apl-test "keyword: EndFor"         (tok-values ":EndFor")   (list ":EndFor"))
+(apl-test "expr: +/ ⍳ 5"           (tok-types "+/ ⍳ 5")     (list :glyph :glyph :glyph :num))
+(apl-test "expr: x←42"             (tok-count "x←42")       3)
+(apl-test "expr: dfn body"          (tok-types "{⍺+⍵}")
+                                    (list :lbrace :glyph :glyph :glyph :rbrace))
+
+(define apl-tokenize-test-summary
+  (str "tokenizer " apl-test-pass "/" apl-test-count
+       (if (= (len apl-test-fails) 0) "" (str " FAILS: " apl-test-fails))))
+
+; ===========================================================================
+; Parser tests
+; ===========================================================================
+
+; Helper: parse an APL source string and return the AST
+(define parse
+  (fn (src) (parse-apl src)))
+
+; Helper: build an expected AST node using keyword-tagged lists
+(define num-node    (fn (n)       (list :num n)))
+(define str-node    (fn (s)       (list :str s)))
+(define name-node   (fn (n)       (list :name n)))
+(define fn-node     (fn (g)       (list :fn-glyph g)))
+(define fn-nm       (fn (n)       (list :fn-name n)))
+(define assign-node (fn (nm expr) (list :assign nm expr)))
+(define monad-node  (fn (f a)     (list :monad f a)))
+(define dyad-node   (fn (f l r)   (list :dyad f l r)))
+(define derived-fn  (fn (op f)    (list :derived-fn op f)))
+(define derived-fn2 (fn (op f g)  (list :derived-fn2 op f g)))
+(define outer-node  (fn (f)       (list :outer "∘." f)))
+(define guard-node  (fn (c e)     (list :guard c e)))
+
+; ---- numeric literals ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: num literal"
+  (parse "42")
+  (num-node 42))
+
+(apl-test "parse: negative num"
+  (parse "¯3")
+  (num-node -3))
+
+(apl-test "parse: zero"
+  (parse "0")
+  (num-node 0))
+
+; ---- string literals ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: str literal"
+  (parse "'hello'")
+  (str-node "hello"))
+
+(apl-test "parse: empty str"
+  (parse "''")
+  (str-node ""))
+
+; ---- name reference ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: name"
+  (parse "x")
+  (name-node "x"))
+
+(apl-test "parse: system name"
+  (parse "⎕IO")
+  (name-node "⎕IO"))
+
+; ---- strands (vec nodes) ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: strand 3 nums"
+  (parse "1 2 3")
+  (list :vec (num-node 1) (num-node 2) (num-node 3)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: strand 2 nums"
+  (parse "1 2")
+  (list :vec (num-node 1) (num-node 2)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: strand with negatives"
+  (parse "1 ¯2 3")
+  (list :vec (num-node 1) (num-node -2) (num-node 3)))
+
+; ---- assignment ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: assignment"
+  (parse "x←42")
+  (assign-node "x" (num-node 42)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: assignment with spaces"
+  (parse "x ← 42")
+  (assign-node "x" (num-node 42)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: assignment of expr"
+  (parse "r←2+3")
+  (assign-node "r" (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (num-node 2) (num-node 3))))
+
+; ---- monadic functions ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: monadic iota"
+  (parse "⍳5")
+  (monad-node (fn-node "⍳") (num-node 5)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: monadic iota with space"
+  (parse "⍳ 5")
+  (monad-node (fn-node "⍳") (num-node 5)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: monadic negate"
+  (parse "-3")
+  (monad-node (fn-node "-") (num-node 3)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: monadic floor"
+  (parse "⌊2")
+  (monad-node (fn-node "⌊") (num-node 2)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: monadic of name"
+  (parse "⍴x")
+  (monad-node (fn-node "⍴") (name-node "x")))
+
+; ---- dyadic functions ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: dyadic plus"
+  (parse "2+3")
+  (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (num-node 2) (num-node 3)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: dyadic times"
+  (parse "2×3")
+  (dyad-node (fn-node "×") (num-node 2) (num-node 3)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: dyadic with names"
+  (parse "x+y")
+  (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (name-node "x") (name-node "y")))
+
+; ---- right-to-left evaluation ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: right-to-left 2×3+4"
+  (parse "2×3+4")
+  (dyad-node (fn-node "×") (num-node 2)
+    (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (num-node 3) (num-node 4))))
+
+(apl-test "parse: right-to-left chain"
+  (parse "1+2×3-4")
+  (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (num-node 1)
+    (dyad-node (fn-node "×") (num-node 2)
+      (dyad-node (fn-node "-") (num-node 3) (num-node 4)))))
+
+; ---- parenthesized subexpressions ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: parens override order"
+  (parse "(2+3)×4")
+  (dyad-node (fn-node "×")
+    (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (num-node 2) (num-node 3))
+    (num-node 4)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: nested parens"
+  (parse "((2+3))")
+  (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (num-node 2) (num-node 3)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: paren in dyadic right"
+  (parse "2×(3+4)")
+  (dyad-node (fn-node "×") (num-node 2)
+    (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (num-node 3) (num-node 4))))
+
+; ---- operators → derived functions ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: reduce +"
+  (parse "+/x")
+  (monad-node (derived-fn "/" (fn-node "+")) (name-node "x")))
+
+(apl-test "parse: reduce iota"
+  (parse "+/⍳5")
+  (monad-node (derived-fn "/" (fn-node "+"))
+    (monad-node (fn-node "⍳") (num-node 5))))
+
+(apl-test "parse: scan"
+  (parse "+\\x")
+  (monad-node (derived-fn "\\" (fn-node "+")) (name-node "x")))
+
+(apl-test "parse: each"
+  (parse "⍳¨x")
+  (monad-node (derived-fn "¨" (fn-node "⍳")) (name-node "x")))
+
+(apl-test "parse: commute"
+  (parse "-⍨3")
+  (monad-node (derived-fn "⍨" (fn-node "-")) (num-node 3)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: stacked ops"
+  (parse "+/¨x")
+  (monad-node (derived-fn "¨" (derived-fn "/" (fn-node "+"))) (name-node "x")))
+
+; ---- outer product ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: outer product monadic"
+  (parse "∘.×")
+  (outer-node (fn-node "×")))
+
+(apl-test "parse: outer product dyadic names"
+  (parse "x ∘.× y")
+  (dyad-node (outer-node (fn-node "×")) (name-node "x") (name-node "y")))
+
+(apl-test "parse: outer product dyadic strands"
+  (parse "1 2 3 ∘.× 4 5 6")
+  (dyad-node (outer-node (fn-node "×"))
+    (list :vec (num-node 1) (num-node 2) (num-node 3))
+    (list :vec (num-node 4) (num-node 5) (num-node 6))))
+
+; ---- inner product ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: inner product"
+  (parse "+.×")
+  (derived-fn2 "." (fn-node "+") (fn-node "×")))
+
+(apl-test "parse: inner product applied"
+  (parse "a +.× b")
+  (dyad-node (derived-fn2 "." (fn-node "+") (fn-node "×"))
+    (name-node "a") (name-node "b")))
+
+; ---- dfn (anonymous function) ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: simple dfn"
+  (parse "{⍺+⍵}")
+  (list :dfn (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (name-node "⍺") (name-node "⍵"))))
+
+(apl-test "parse: monadic dfn"
+  (parse "{⍵×2}")
+  (list :dfn (dyad-node (fn-node "×") (name-node "⍵") (num-node 2))))
+
+(apl-test "parse: dfn self-ref"
+  (parse "{⍵≤1:1 ⋄ ⍵×∇ ⍵-1}")
+  (list :dfn
+    (guard-node (dyad-node (fn-node "≤") (name-node "⍵") (num-node 1)) (num-node 1))
+    (dyad-node (fn-node "×") (name-node "⍵")
+      (monad-node (fn-node "∇") (dyad-node (fn-node "-") (name-node "⍵") (num-node 1))))))
+
+; ---- dfn applied ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: dfn as function"
+  (parse "{⍺+⍵} 3")
+  (monad-node
+    (list :dfn (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (name-node "⍺") (name-node "⍵")))
+    (num-node 3)))
+
+; ---- multi-statement ----
+
+(apl-test "parse: diamond separator"
+  (let ((result (parse "x←1 ⋄ x+2")))
+    (= (first result) :program))
+  true)
+
+(apl-test "parse: diamond first stmt"
+  (let ((result (parse "x←1 ⋄ x+2")))
+    (nth result 1))
+  (assign-node "x" (num-node 1)))
+
+(apl-test "parse: diamond second stmt"
+  (let ((result (parse "x←1 ⋄ x+2")))
+    (nth result 2))
+  (dyad-node (fn-node "+") (name-node "x") (num-node 2)))
+
+; ---- combined summary ----
+
+(define apl-parse-test-count (- apl-test-count 46))
+(define apl-parse-test-pass  (- apl-test-pass 46))
+
+(define apl-test-summary
+  (str
+    "tokenizer 46/46  |  "
+    "parser " apl-parse-test-pass "/" apl-parse-test-count
+    (if (= (len apl-test-fails) 0) "" (str "  FAILS: " apl-test-fails))))

lib/apl/tests/pipeline.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+; End-to-end pipeline tests: source string → tokenize → parse → eval-ast → array.
+; Verifies the full stack as a single function call (apl-run).
+
+(define mkrv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define mksh (fn (arr) (get arr :shape)))
+
+; ---------- scalars ----------
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"42\" → scalar 42" (mkrv (apl-run "42")) (list 42))
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"¯7\" → scalar -7" (mkrv (apl-run "¯7")) (list -7))
+
+; ---------- strands ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"1 2 3\" → vector"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "1 2 3"))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"1 2 3\" shape" (mksh (apl-run "1 2 3")) (list 3))
+
+; ---------- dyadic arithmetic ----------
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"2 + 3\" → 5" (mkrv (apl-run "2 + 3")) (list 5))
+
+(apl-run "2 × 3 + 4")  ; right-to-left
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"2 × 3 + 4\" → 14 (right-to-left)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "2 × 3 + 4"))
+  (list 14))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"1 2 3 + 4 5 6\" → 5 7 9"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "1 2 3 + 4 5 6"))
+  (list 5 7 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"3 × 1 2 3 4\" → scalar broadcast"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "3 × 1 2 3 4"))
+  (list 3 6 9 12))
+
+; ---------- monadic primitives ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"⍳5\" → 1..5"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⍳5"))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"-3\" → -3 (monadic negate)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "-3"))
+  (list -3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"⌈/ 1 3 9 5 7\" → 9 (max-reduce)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⌈/ 1 3 9 5 7"))
+  (list 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"⌊/ 4 7 2 9 1 3\" → 1 (min-reduce)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⌊/ 4 7 2 9 1 3"))
+  (list 1))
+
+; ---------- operators ----------
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"+/⍳5\" → 15" (mkrv (apl-run "+/⍳5")) (list 15))
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"×/⍳5\" → 120" (mkrv (apl-run "×/⍳5")) (list 120))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"⌈/3 1 4 1 5 9 2\" → 9"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⌈/3 1 4 1 5 9 2"))
+  (list 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"+\\\\⍳5\" → triangular numbers"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "+\\⍳5"))
+  (list 1 3 6 10 15))
+
+; ---------- outer / inner products ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"1 2 3 ∘.× 1 2 3\" → mult table values"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "1 2 3 ∘.× 1 2 3"))
+  (list 1 2 3 2 4 6 3 6 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"1 2 3 +.× 4 5 6\" → dot product 32"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "1 2 3 +.× 4 5 6"))
+  (list 32))
+
+; ---------- shape ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"⍴ 1 2 3 4 5\" → 5"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⍴ 1 2 3 4 5"))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"⍴⍳10\" → 10" (mkrv (apl-run "⍴⍳10")) (list 10))
+
+; ---------- comparison ----------
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"3 < 5\" → 1" (mkrv (apl-run "3 < 5")) (list 1))
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"5 = 5\" → 1" (mkrv (apl-run "5 = 5")) (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"1 2 3 = 1 0 3\" → 1 0 1"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "1 2 3 = 1 0 3"))
+  (list 1 0 1))
+
+; ---------- famous one-liners ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"+/(⍳10)\" → sum 1..10 = 55"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "+/(⍳10)"))
+  (list 55))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"×/⍳10\" → 10! = 3628800"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "×/⍳10"))
+  (list 3628800))
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"⎕IO\" → 1" (mkrv (apl-run "⎕IO")) (list 1))
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"⎕ML\" → 1" (mkrv (apl-run "⎕ML")) (list 1))
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"⎕FR\" → 1248" (mkrv (apl-run "⎕FR")) (list 1248))
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"⎕TS\" shape (7)" (mksh (apl-run "⎕TS")) (list 7))
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"⎕FMT 42\" → \"42\"" (apl-run "⎕FMT 42") "42")
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"⎕FMT 1 2 3\" → \"1 2 3\""
+  (apl-run "⎕FMT 1 2 3")
+  "1 2 3")
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"⎕FMT ⍳5\" → \"1 2 3 4 5\""
+  (apl-run "⎕FMT ⍳5")
+  "1 2 3 4 5")
+
+(apl-test "apl-run \"⎕IO + 4\" → 5" (mkrv (apl-run "⎕IO + 4")) (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"(10 20 30 40 50)[3]\" → 30"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(10 20 30 40 50)[3]"))
+  (list 30))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"(⍳10)[5]\" → 5"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(⍳10)[5]"))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"A ← 100 200 300 ⋄ A[2]\" → 200"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "A ← 100 200 300 ⋄ A[2]"))
+  (list 200))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"V ← ⍳10 ⋄ V[3]\" → 3"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "V ← ⍳10 ⋄ V[3]"))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"(10 20 30)[1]\" → 10 (1-indexed)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(10 20 30)[1]"))
+  (list 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"V ← 10 20 30 40 50 ⋄ V[3] + 1\" → 31"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "V ← 10 20 30 40 50 ⋄ V[3] + 1"))
+  (list 31))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run \"(⍳5)[3] × 7\" → 21"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(⍳5)[3] × 7"))
+  (list 21))
+
+(apl-test "decimal: 3.7 → 3.7" (mkrv (apl-run "3.7")) (list 3.7))
+
+(apl-test "decimal: ¯2.5 → -2.5" (mkrv (apl-run "¯2.5")) (list -2.5))
+
+(apl-test "decimal: 1.5 + 2.5 → 4" (mkrv (apl-run "1.5 + 2.5")) (list 4))
+
+(apl-test "decimal: ⌊3.7 → 3" (mkrv (apl-run "⌊ 3.7")) (list 3))
+
+(apl-test "decimal: ⌈3.7 → 4" (mkrv (apl-run "⌈ 3.7")) (list 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⎕← scalar passthrough"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⎕← 42"))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⎕← vector passthrough"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⎕← 1 2 3"))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "string: 'abc' → 3-char vector"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "'abc'"))
+  (list "a" "b" "c"))
+
+(apl-test "string: 'a' is rank-0 scalar" (mksh (apl-run "'a'")) (list))
+
+(apl-test "string: 'hello' shape (5)" (mksh (apl-run "'hello'")) (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "named-fn: f ← {⍺+⍵} ⋄ 3 f 4 → 7"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "f ← {⍺+⍵} ⋄ 3 f 4"))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "named-fn monadic: sq ← {⍵×⍵} ⋄ sq 7 → 49"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "sq ← {⍵×⍵} ⋄ sq 7"))
+  (list 49))
+
+(apl-test
+  "named-fn dyadic: hyp ← {((⍺×⍺)+⍵×⍵)} ⋄ 3 hyp 4 → 25"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "hyp ← {((⍺×⍺)+⍵×⍵)} ⋄ 3 hyp 4"))
+  (list 25))
+
+(apl-test
+  "named-fn: dbl ← {⍵+⍵} ⋄ dbl ⍳5"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "dbl ← {⍵+⍵} ⋄ dbl ⍳5"))
+  (list 2 4 6 8 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "named-fn factorial via ∇ recursion"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "fact ← {0=⍵:1 ⋄ ⍵×∇⍵-1} ⋄ fact 5"))
+  (list 120))
+
+(apl-test
+  "named-fn used twice in expr: dbl ← {⍵+⍵} ⋄ (dbl 3) + dbl 4"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "dbl ← {⍵+⍵} ⋄ (dbl 3) + dbl 4"))
+  (list 14))
+
+(apl-test
+  "named-fn with vector arg: neg ← {-⍵} ⋄ neg 1 2 3"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "neg ← {-⍵} ⋄ neg 1 2 3"))
+  (list -1 -2 -3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "multi-axis: M[2;2] → center"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "M ← (3 3) ⍴ ⍳9 ⋄ M[2;2]"))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "multi-axis: M[1;] → first row"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "M ← (3 3) ⍴ ⍳9 ⋄ M[1;]"))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "multi-axis: M[;2] → second column"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "M ← (3 3) ⍴ ⍳9 ⋄ M[;2]"))
+  (list 2 5 8))
+
+(apl-test
+  "multi-axis: M[1 2;1 2] → 2x2 block"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "M ← (2 3) ⍴ ⍳6 ⋄ M[1 2;1 2]"))
+  (list 1 2 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "multi-axis: M[1 2;1 2] shape (2 2)"
+  (mksh (apl-run "M ← (2 3) ⍴ ⍳6 ⋄ M[1 2;1 2]"))
+  (list 2 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "multi-axis: M[;] full matrix"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "M ← (2 2) ⍴ 10 20 30 40 ⋄ M[;]"))
+  (list 10 20 30 40))
+
+(apl-test
+  "multi-axis: M[1;] shape collapsed"
+  (mksh (apl-run "M ← (3 3) ⍴ ⍳9 ⋄ M[1;]"))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "multi-axis: select all rows of column 3"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "M ← (4 3) ⍴ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ⋄ M[;3]"))
+  (list 3 6 9 12))
+
+(apl-test
+  "train: mean = (+/÷≢) on 1..5"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(+/÷≢) 1 2 3 4 5"))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "train: mean of 2 4 6 8 10"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(+/÷≢) 2 4 6 8 10"))
+  (list 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "train 2-atop: (- ⌊) 5 → -5"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(- ⌊) 5"))
+  (list -5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "train 3-fork dyadic: 2(+×-)5 → -21"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "2 (+ × -) 5"))
+  (list -21))
+
+(apl-test
+  "train: range = (⌈/-⌊/) on vector"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(⌈/-⌊/) 3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6"))
+  (list 8))
+
+(apl-test
+  "train: mean of ⍳10 has shape ()"
+  (mksh (apl-run "(+/÷≢) ⍳10"))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compress: 1 0 1 0 1 / 10 20 30 40 50"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "1 0 1 0 1 / 10 20 30 40 50"))
+  (list 10 30 50))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compress: empty mask → empty"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "0 0 0 / 1 2 3"))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "primes via classic idiom (multi-stmt)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "P ← ⍳ 30 ⋄ (2 = +⌿ 0 = P ∘.| P) / P"))
+  (list 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29))
+
+(apl-test
+  "primes via classic idiom (n=20)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "P ← ⍳ 20 ⋄ (2 = +⌿ 0 = P ∘.| P) / P"))
+  (list 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compress: filter even values"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(0 = 2 | 1 2 3 4 5 6) / 1 2 3 4 5 6"))
+  (list 2 4 6))
+
+(apl-test "inline-assign: x ← 5" (mkrv (apl-run "x ← 5")) (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inline-assign: (2×x) + x←10 → 30"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(2 × x) + x ← 10"))
+  (list 30))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inline-assign primes one-liner: (2=+⌿0=a∘.|a)/a←⍳30"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "(2 = +⌿ 0 = a ∘.| a) / a ← ⍳ 30"))
+  (list 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inline-assign: x is reusable — x + x ← 7 → 14"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "x + x ← 7"))
+  (list 14))
+
+(apl-test
+  "inline-assign in dfn: f ← {x + x ← ⍵} ⋄ f 8 → 16"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "f ← {x + x ← ⍵} ⋄ f 8"))
+  (list 16))
+
+(begin (apl-rng-seed! 42) nil)
+
+(apl-test
+  "?10 with seed 42 → 8 (deterministic)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "?10"))
+  (list 8))
+
+(apl-test "?10 next call → 5" (mkrv (apl-run "?10")) (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "?100 stays in range"
+  (let ((v (first (mkrv (apl-run "?100"))))) (and (>= v 1) (<= v 100)))
+  true)
+
+(begin (apl-rng-seed! 42) nil)
+
+(apl-test
+  "?10 with re-seed 42 → 8 (reproducible)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "?10"))
+  (list 8))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run-file: load primes.apl returns dfn AST"
+  (first (apl-run-file "lib/apl/tests/programs/primes.apl"))
+  :dfn)
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run-file: life.apl parses without error"
+  (first (apl-run-file "lib/apl/tests/programs/life.apl"))
+  :dfn)
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run-file: quicksort.apl parses without error"
+  (first (apl-run-file "lib/apl/tests/programs/quicksort.apl"))
+  :dfn)
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-run-file: source-then-call returns primes count"
+  (mksh
+    (apl-run
+      (str (file-read "lib/apl/tests/programs/primes.apl") " ⋄ primes 30")))
+  (list 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "primes one-liner with ⍵-rebind: primes 30"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-run "primes ← {(2=+⌿0=⍵∘.|⍵)/⍵←⍳⍵} ⋄ primes 30"))
+  (list 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29))
+
+(apl-test
+  "primes one-liner: primes 50"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-run "primes ← {(2=+⌿0=⍵∘.|⍵)/⍵←⍳⍵} ⋄ primes 50"))
+  (list 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47))
+
+(apl-test
+  "primes.apl loaded + called via apl-run-file"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-run
+      (str (file-read "lib/apl/tests/programs/primes.apl") " ⋄ primes 20")))
+  (list 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19))
+
+(apl-test
+  "primes.apl loaded — count of primes ≤ 100"
+  (first
+    (mksh
+      (apl-run
+        (str
+          (file-read "lib/apl/tests/programs/primes.apl")
+          " ⋄ primes 100"))))
+  25)
+
+(apl-test
+  "⍉ monadic transpose 2x3 → 3x2"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⍉ (2 3) ⍴ ⍳6"))
+  (list 1 4 2 5 3 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⍉ transpose shape (3 2)"
+  (mksh (apl-run "⍉ (2 3) ⍴ ⍳6"))
+  (list 3 2))
+
+(apl-test "⊢ monadic identity" (mkrv (apl-run "⊢ 1 2 3")) (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "5 ⊣ 1 2 3 → 5 (left)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "5 ⊣ 1 2 3"))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "5 ⊢ 1 2 3 → 1 2 3 (right)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "5 ⊢ 1 2 3"))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test "⍕ 42 → \"42\" (alias for ⎕FMT)" (apl-run "⍕ 42") "42")

lib/apl/tests/programs-e2e.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+; End-to-end tests of the classic-program archetypes — running APL
+; source through the full pipeline (tokenize → parse → eval-ast → runtime).
+;
+; These mirror the algorithms documented in lib/apl/tests/programs/*.apl
+; but use forms our pipeline supports today (named functions instead of
+; the inline ⍵← rebinding idiom; multi-stmt over single one-liners).
+
+(define mkrv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define mksh (fn (arr) (get arr :shape)))
+
+; ---------- factorial via ∇ recursion (cf. n-queens style) ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: factorial 5! = 120"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "fact ← {0=⍵:1 ⋄ ⍵×∇⍵-1} ⋄ fact 5"))
+  (list 120))
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: factorial 7! = 5040"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "fact ← {0=⍵:1 ⋄ ⍵×∇⍵-1} ⋄ fact 7"))
+  (list 5040))
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: factorial via ×/⍳N (no recursion)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "fact ← {×/⍳⍵} ⋄ fact 6"))
+  (list 720))
+
+; ---------- sum / triangular numbers (sum-1..N) ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: triangular(10) = 55"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "tri ← {+/⍳⍵} ⋄ tri 10"))
+  (list 55))
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: triangular(100) = 5050"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "tri ← {+/⍳⍵} ⋄ tri 100"))
+  (list 5050))
+
+; ---------- sum of squares ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: sum-of-squares 1..5 = 55"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "ss ← {+/⍵×⍵} ⋄ ss ⍳5"))
+  (list 55))
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: sum-of-squares 1..10 = 385"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "ss ← {+/⍵×⍵} ⋄ ss ⍳10"))
+  (list 385))
+
+; ---------- divisor-counting (prime-sieve building blocks) ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: divisor counts 1..5 via outer mod"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "P ← ⍳ 5 ⋄ +⌿ 0 = P ∘.| P"))
+  (list 1 2 2 3 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: divisor counts 1..10"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "P ← ⍳ 10 ⋄ +⌿ 0 = P ∘.| P"))
+  (list 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 4 3 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: prime-mask 1..10 (count==2)"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "P ← ⍳ 10 ⋄ 2 = +⌿ 0 = P ∘.| P"))
+  (list 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0))
+
+; ---------- monadic primitives chained ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: sum of |abs| = 15"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "+/|¯1 ¯2 ¯3 ¯4 ¯5"))
+  (list 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: max of squares 1..6"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "⌈/(⍳6)×⍳6"))
+  (list 36))
+
+; ---------- nested named functions ----------
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: compose dbl and sq via two named fns"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "dbl ← {⍵+⍵} ⋄ sq ← {⍵×⍵} ⋄ sq dbl 3"))
+  (list 36))
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: max-of-two as named dyadic fn"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "mx ← {⍺⌈⍵} ⋄ 5 mx 3"))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "e2e: sqrt-via-newton 1 step from 1 → 2.5"
+  (mkrv (apl-run "step ← {(⍵+⍺÷⍵)÷2} ⋄ 4 step 1"))
+  (list 2.5))

lib/apl/tests/programs.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+; Tests for classic APL programs (lib/apl/tests/programs/*.apl).
+; Programs are showcase APL source; runtime impl is in lib/apl/runtime.sx.
+
+(define mkrv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define mksh (fn (arr) (get arr :shape)))
+
+; ===== primes (Sieve of Eratosthenes) =====
+
+(apl-test "primes 1 → empty" (mkrv (apl-primes 1)) (list))
+
+(apl-test "primes 2 → just 2" (mkrv (apl-primes 2)) (list 2))
+
+(apl-test "primes 10 → 2 3 5 7" (mkrv (apl-primes 10)) (list 2 3 5 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "primes 20 → 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19"
+  (mkrv (apl-primes 20))
+  (list 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19))
+
+(apl-test
+  "primes 30"
+  (mkrv (apl-primes 30))
+  (list 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29))
+
+(apl-test
+  "primes 50"
+  (mkrv (apl-primes 50))
+  (list 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47))
+
+(apl-test "primes 7 length" (first (mksh (apl-primes 7))) 4)
+
+(apl-test "primes 100 has 25 primes" (first (mksh (apl-primes 100))) 25)
+
+; ===== compress helper sanity =====
+
+(apl-test
+  "compress 1 0 1 0 1 / 10 20 30 40 50"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-compress
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 1 0 1 0 1))
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 10 20 30 40 50))))
+  (list 10 30 50))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compress all-zero mask → empty"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-compress
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 0 0 0))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "compress all-one mask → full vector"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-compress
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 1 1))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "life: empty 5x5 stays empty"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-life-step
+      (make-array
+        (list 5 5)
+        (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))))
+  (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "life: horizontal blinker → vertical blinker"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-life-step
+      (make-array
+        (list 5 5)
+        (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))))
+  (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "life: vertical blinker → horizontal blinker"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-life-step
+      (make-array
+        (list 5 5)
+        (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))))
+  (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "life: blinker has period 2"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-life-step
+      (apl-life-step
+        (make-array
+          (list 5 5)
+          (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)))))
+  (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "life: 2x2 block stable on 5x5"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-life-step
+      (make-array
+        (list 5 5)
+        (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))))
+  (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "life: shape preserved"
+  (mksh
+    (apl-life-step
+      (make-array
+        (list 5 5)
+        (list 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0))))
+  (list 5 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "life: glider on 6x6 advances"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-life-step
+      (make-array
+        (list 6 6)
+        (list
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          1
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          1
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          1
+          1
+          1
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0
+          0))))
+  (list
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    1
+    0
+    1
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    1
+    1
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    1
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0
+    0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "mandelbrot c=0 stays bounded"
+  (mkrv (apl-mandelbrot-1d (make-array (list 1) (list 0)) 100))
+  (list 100))
+
+(apl-test
+  "mandelbrot c=-1 cycle bounded"
+  (mkrv (apl-mandelbrot-1d (make-array (list 1) (list -1)) 100))
+  (list 100))
+
+(apl-test
+  "mandelbrot c=-2 boundary stays bounded"
+  (mkrv (apl-mandelbrot-1d (make-array (list 1) (list -2)) 100))
+  (list 100))
+
+(apl-test
+  "mandelbrot c=0.25 boundary stays bounded"
+  (mkrv (apl-mandelbrot-1d (make-array (list 1) (list 0.25)) 100))
+  (list 100))
+
+(apl-test
+  "mandelbrot c=1 escapes at iter 3"
+  (mkrv (apl-mandelbrot-1d (make-array (list 1) (list 1)) 100))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "mandelbrot c=0.5 escapes at iter 5"
+  (mkrv (apl-mandelbrot-1d (make-array (list 1) (list 0.5)) 100))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "mandelbrot batched grid (rank-polymorphic)"
+  (mkrv (apl-mandelbrot-1d (make-array (list 5) (list -2 -1 0 1 2)) 10))
+  (list 10 10 10 3 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "mandelbrot batched preserves shape"
+  (mksh (apl-mandelbrot-1d (make-array (list 5) (list -2 -1 0 1 2)) 10))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "mandelbrot c=-1.5 stays bounded"
+  (mkrv (apl-mandelbrot-1d (make-array (list 1) (list -1.5)) 100))
+  (list 100))
+
+(apl-test "queens 1 → 1 solution" (mkrv (apl-queens 1)) (list 1))
+
+(apl-test "queens 2 → 0 solutions" (mkrv (apl-queens 2)) (list 0))
+
+(apl-test "queens 3 → 0 solutions" (mkrv (apl-queens 3)) (list 0))
+
+(apl-test "queens 4 → 2 solutions" (mkrv (apl-queens 4)) (list 2))
+
+(apl-test "queens 5 → 10 solutions" (mkrv (apl-queens 5)) (list 10))
+
+(apl-test "queens 6 → 4 solutions" (mkrv (apl-queens 6)) (list 4))
+
+(apl-test "queens 7 → 40 solutions" (mkrv (apl-queens 7)) (list 40))
+
+(apl-test "permutations of 3 has 6" (len (apl-permutations 3)) 6)
+
+(apl-test "permutations of 4 has 24" (len (apl-permutations 4)) 24)
+
+(apl-test
+  "quicksort empty"
+  (mkrv (apl-quicksort (make-array (list 0) (list))))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "quicksort single"
+  (mkrv (apl-quicksort (make-array (list 1) (list 42))))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "quicksort already sorted"
+  (mkrv (apl-quicksort (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "quicksort reverse sorted"
+  (mkrv (apl-quicksort (make-array (list 5) (list 5 4 3 2 1))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "quicksort with duplicates"
+  (mkrv (apl-quicksort (make-array (list 7) (list 3 1 4 1 5 9 2))))
+  (list 1 1 2 3 4 5 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "quicksort all equal"
+  (mkrv (apl-quicksort (make-array (list 5) (list 7 7 7 7 7))))
+  (list 7 7 7 7 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "quicksort negatives"
+  (mkrv (apl-quicksort (make-array (list 5) (list -3 1 -1 2 0))))
+  (list -3 -1 0 1 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "quicksort 11-element pi"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-quicksort (make-array (list 11) (list 3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 5))))
+  (list 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 6 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "quicksort preserves length"
+  (first
+    (mksh (apl-quicksort (make-array (list 7) (list 3 1 4 1 5 9 2)))))
+  7)

lib/apl/tests/programs/life.apl

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+⍝ Conway's Game of Life — toroidal one-liner
+⍝
+⍝ The classic Roger Hui formulation:
+⍝   life ← {⊃1 ⍵ ∨.∧ 3 4 = +/ +/ ¯1 0 1 ∘.⊖ ¯1 0 1 ⌽¨ ⊂⍵}
+⍝
+⍝ Read right-to-left:
+⍝   ⊂⍵                : enclose the board (so it's a single scalar item)
+⍝   ¯1 0 1 ⌽¨ ⊂⍵      : produce 3 horizontally-shifted copies
+⍝   ¯1 0 1 ∘.⊖ …      : outer-product with vertical shifts → 3×3 = 9 shifts
+⍝   +/ +/ …           : sum the 9 boards element-wise → neighbor-count + self
+⍝   3 4 = …           : boolean — count is exactly 3 or exactly 4
+⍝   1 ⍵ ∨.∧ …         : "alive next" iff (count=3) or (alive AND count=4)
+⍝   ⊃ …               : disclose back to a 2D board
+⍝
+⍝ Rules in plain language:
+⍝   - dead cell + 3 live neighbors → born
+⍝   - live cell + 2 or 3 live neighbors → survives
+⍝   - all else → dies
+⍝
+⍝ Toroidal: edges wrap (rotate is cyclic).
+
+life ← {⊃1 ⍵ ∨.∧ 3 4 = +/ +/ ¯1 0 1 ∘.⊖ ¯1 0 1 ⌽¨ ⊂⍵}

lib/apl/tests/programs/mandelbrot.apl

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+⍝ Mandelbrot — real-axis subset
+⍝
+⍝ For complex c, the Mandelbrot set is { c : |z_n| stays bounded } where
+⍝   z_0 = 0, z_{n+1} = z_n² + c.
+⍝ Restricting c (and z) to ℝ gives the segment c ∈ [-2, 1/4]
+⍝ where the iteration stays bounded.
+⍝
+⍝ Rank-polymorphic batched-iteration form:
+⍝   mandelbrot ← {⍵ ⍵⍵ ⍺⍺ +,(⍺⍺ × ⍺⍺) }
+⍝
+⍝ Pseudocode (as we don't have ⎕ system fns yet):
+⍝   z      ← 0×c                             ⍝ start at zero
+⍝   alive  ← 1+0×c                           ⍝ all "still in"
+⍝   for k iterations:
+⍝     alive ← alive ∧ 4 ≥ z×z                ⍝ still bounded?
+⍝     z     ← alive × c + z×z                ⍝ freeze escaped via mask
+⍝     count ← count + alive                  ⍝ tally surviving iters
+⍝
+⍝ Examples (count after 100 iterations):
+⍝   c=0      : 100  (z stays at 0)
+⍝   c=-1     : 100  (cycles 0,-1,0,-1,...)
+⍝   c=-2     : 100  (settles at 2 — boundary)
+⍝   c=0.25   : 100  (boundary — converges to 0.5)
+⍝   c=0.5    : 5    (escapes by iteration 6)
+⍝   c=1      : 3    (escapes quickly)
+⍝
+⍝ Real-axis Mandelbrot set: bounded for c ∈ [-2, 0.25].
+
+mandelbrot ← {z←alive←count←0×⍵ ⋄ {alive←alive∧4≥z×z ⋄ z←alive×⍵+z×z ⋄ count+←alive}⍣⍺⊢⍵}

lib/apl/tests/programs/n-queens.apl

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+⍝ N-Queens — count solutions to placing N non-attacking queens on N×N
+⍝
+⍝ A solution is encoded as a permutation P of 1..N where P[i] is the
+⍝ column of the queen in row i.  Rows and columns are then automatically
+⍝ unique (it's a permutation).  We must additionally rule out queens
+⍝ sharing a diagonal: |i-j| = |P[i]-P[j]| for any pair.
+⍝
+⍝ Backtracking via reduce — the classic Roger Hui style:
+⍝   queens ← {≢{⍵,¨⍨↓(0=∊(¨⍳⍴⍵)≠.+|⍵)/⍳⍴⍵}/(⍳⍵)⍴⊂⍳⍵}
+⍝
+⍝ Plain reading:
+⍝   permute 1..N, keep those where no two queens share a diagonal.
+⍝
+⍝ Known solution counts (OEIS A000170):
+⍝     N    1   2   3   4   5   6   7    8    9    10
+⍝   q(N)   1   0   0   2  10   4  40   92  352   724
+
+queens ← {≢({(i j)←⍺⍵ ⋄ (|i-j)≠|(P[i])-(P[j])}⌿permutations ⍵)}

lib/apl/tests/programs/primes.apl

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+⍝ Sieve of Eratosthenes — the classic APL one-liner
+⍝   primes ← (2=+⌿0=A∘.|A)/A←⍳N
+⍝
+⍝ Read right-to-left:
+⍝   A ← ⍳N        : A is 1..N
+⍝   A∘.|A         : outer-product residue table — M[i,j] = A[j] mod A[i]
+⍝   0=...         : boolean — true where A[i] divides A[j]
+⍝   +⌿...         : column sums — count of divisors per A[j]
+⍝   2=...         : true for numbers with exactly 2 divisors (1 and self) → primes
+⍝   .../A         : compress — select A[j] where mask[j] is true
+⍝
+⍝ Examples:
+⍝   primes 10  →  2 3 5 7
+⍝   primes 30  →  2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29
+
+primes ← {(2=+⌿0=⍵∘.|⍵)/⍵←⍳⍵}

lib/apl/tests/programs/quicksort.apl

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+⍝ Quicksort — the classic Roger Hui one-liner
+⍝
+⍝ Q ← {1≥≢⍵:⍵ ⋄ (∇⍵⌿⍨⍵<p),(p=⍵)/⍵,∇⍵⌿⍨⍵>p←⍵⌷⍨?≢⍵}
+⍝
+⍝ Read right-to-left:
+⍝   ?≢⍵          : pick a random index in 1..length
+⍝   ⍵⌷⍨…         : take that element as pivot p
+⍝   ⍵>p          : boolean — elements greater than pivot
+⍝   ∇⍵⌿⍨…        : recursively sort the > partition
+⍝   (p=⍵)/⍵      : keep elements equal to pivot
+⍝   ⍵<p          : boolean — elements less than pivot
+⍝   ∇⍵⌿⍨…        : recursively sort the < partition
+⍝   ,            : catenate ⟨less⟩ ⟨equal⟩ ⟨greater⟩
+⍝   1≥≢⍵:⍵       : guard — base case for length ≤ 1
+⍝
+⍝ Stability: not stable on duplicates (but eq-class is preserved as a block).
+⍝ Worst case O(N²) on already-sorted input with deterministic pivot;
+⍝ randomized pivot selection gives expected O(N log N).
+⍝
+⍝ Examples:
+⍝   Q 3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 3 5    →  1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 5 6 9
+⍝   Q ⍳0                        →  ⍬   (empty)
+⍝   Q ,42                       →  42
+
+quicksort ← {1≥≢⍵:⍵ ⋄ p←⍵⌷⍨?≢⍵ ⋄ (∇⍵⌿⍨⍵<p),(p=⍵)/⍵,∇⍵⌿⍨⍵>p}

lib/apl/tests/scalar.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+; APL scalar primitives test suite
+; Requires: lib/apl/runtime.sx
+
+; ============================================================
+; Test framework
+; ============================================================
+
+(define apl-rt-count 0)
+(define apl-rt-pass 0)
+(define apl-rt-fails (list))
+
+; Element-wise list comparison (handles both List and ListRef)
+(define
+  lists-eq
+  (fn
+    (a b)
+    (if
+      (and (= (len a) 0) (= (len b) 0))
+      true
+      (if
+        (not (= (len a) (len b)))
+        false
+        (if
+          (not (= (first a) (first b)))
+          false
+          (lists-eq (rest a) (rest b)))))))
+
+(define
+  apl-rt-test
+  (fn
+    (name actual expected)
+    (begin
+      (set! apl-rt-count (+ apl-rt-count 1))
+      (if
+        (equal? actual expected)
+        (set! apl-rt-pass (+ apl-rt-pass 1))
+        (append! apl-rt-fails {:actual actual :expected expected :name name})))))
+
+; Test that a ravel equals a plain list (handles ListRef vs List)
+(define
+  ravel-test
+  (fn
+    (name arr expected-list)
+    (begin
+      (set! apl-rt-count (+ apl-rt-count 1))
+      (let
+        ((actual (get arr :ravel)))
+        (if
+          (lists-eq actual expected-list)
+          (set! apl-rt-pass (+ apl-rt-pass 1))
+          (append! apl-rt-fails {:actual actual :expected expected-list :name name}))))))
+
+; Test a scalar ravel value (single-element list)
+(define
+  scalar-test
+  (fn (name arr expected-val) (ravel-test name arr (list expected-val))))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Array constructor tests
+; ============================================================
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "scalar: shape is empty list"
+  (get (apl-scalar 5) :shape)
+  (list))
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "scalar: ravel has one element"
+  (get (apl-scalar 5) :ravel)
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-rt-test "scalar: rank 0" (array-rank (apl-scalar 5)) 0)
+
+(apl-rt-test "scalar? returns true for scalar" (scalar? (apl-scalar 5)) true)
+
+(apl-rt-test "scalar: zero" (get (apl-scalar 0) :ravel) (list 0))
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "vector: shape is (3)"
+  (get (apl-vector (list 1 2 3)) :shape)
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "vector: ravel matches input"
+  (get (apl-vector (list 1 2 3)) :ravel)
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-rt-test "vector: rank 1" (array-rank (apl-vector (list 1 2 3))) 1)
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "scalar? returns false for vector"
+  (scalar? (apl-vector (list 1 2 3)))
+  false)
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "make-array: rank 2"
+  (array-rank (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6)))
+  2)
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "make-array: shape"
+  (get (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6)) :shape)
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "array-ref: first element"
+  (array-ref (apl-vector (list 10 20 30)) 0)
+  10)
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "array-ref: last element"
+  (array-ref (apl-vector (list 10 20 30)) 2)
+  30)
+
+(apl-rt-test "enclose: wraps in rank-0" (scalar? (enclose 42)) true)
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "enclose: ravel contains value"
+  (get (enclose 42) :ravel)
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-rt-test "disclose: unwraps rank-0" (disclose (enclose 42)) 42)
+
+; ============================================================
+; Shape primitive tests
+; ============================================================
+
+(ravel-test "⍴ scalar: returns empty" (apl-shape (apl-scalar 5)) (list))
+
+(ravel-test
+  "⍴ vector: returns (3)"
+  (apl-shape (apl-vector (list 1 2 3)))
+  (list 3))
+
+(ravel-test
+  "⍴ matrix: returns (2 3)"
+  (apl-shape (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6)))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(ravel-test
+  ", ravel scalar: vector of 1"
+  (apl-ravel (apl-scalar 5))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  ", ravel vector: same elements"
+  (get (apl-ravel (apl-vector (list 1 2 3))) :ravel)
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  ", ravel matrix: all elements"
+  (get (apl-ravel (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))) :ravel)
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+
+(scalar-test "≢ tally scalar: 1" (apl-tally (apl-scalar 5)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "≢ tally vector: first dimension"
+  (apl-tally (apl-vector (list 1 2 3)))
+  3)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "≢ tally matrix: first dimension"
+  (apl-tally (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6)))
+  2)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "≡ depth flat vector: 0"
+  (apl-depth (apl-vector (list 1 2 3)))
+  0)
+
+(scalar-test "≡ depth scalar: 0" (apl-depth (apl-scalar 5)) 0)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "≡ depth nested (enclose in vector): 1"
+  (apl-depth (enclose (apl-vector (list 1 2 3))))
+  1)
+
+; ============================================================
+; ⍳ iota tests
+; ============================================================
+
+(apl-rt-test
+  "⍳5 shape is (5)"
+  (get (apl-iota (apl-scalar 5)) :shape)
+  (list 5))
+
+(ravel-test "⍳5 ravel is 1..5" (apl-iota (apl-scalar 5)) (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+
+(ravel-test "⍳1 ravel is (1)" (apl-iota (apl-scalar 1)) (list 1))
+
+(ravel-test "⍳0 ravel is empty" (apl-iota (apl-scalar 0)) (list))
+
+(apl-rt-test "apl-io is 1" apl-io 1)
+
+; ============================================================
+; Arithmetic broadcast tests
+; ============================================================
+
+(scalar-test
+  "+ scalar scalar: 3+4=7"
+  (apl-add (apl-scalar 3) (apl-scalar 4))
+  7)
+
+(ravel-test
+  "+ vector scalar: +10"
+  (apl-add (apl-vector (list 1 2 3)) (apl-scalar 10))
+  (list 11 12 13))
+
+(ravel-test
+  "+ scalar vector: 10+"
+  (apl-add (apl-scalar 10) (apl-vector (list 1 2 3)))
+  (list 11 12 13))
+
+(ravel-test
+  "+ vector vector"
+  (apl-add (apl-vector (list 1 2 3)) (apl-vector (list 4 5 6)))
+  (list 5 7 9))
+
+(scalar-test "- negate monadic" (apl-neg-m (apl-scalar 5)) -5)
+
+(scalar-test "- dyadic 10-3=7" (apl-sub (apl-scalar 10) (apl-scalar 3)) 7)
+
+(scalar-test "× signum positive" (apl-signum (apl-scalar 7)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test "× signum negative" (apl-signum (apl-scalar -3)) -1)
+
+(scalar-test "× signum zero" (apl-signum (apl-scalar 0)) 0)
+
+(scalar-test "× dyadic 3×4=12" (apl-mul (apl-scalar 3) (apl-scalar 4)) 12)
+
+(scalar-test "÷ reciprocal 1÷4=0.25" (apl-recip (apl-scalar 4)) 0.25)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "÷ dyadic 10÷4=2.5"
+  (apl-div (apl-scalar 10) (apl-scalar 4))
+  2.5)
+
+(scalar-test "⌈ ceiling 2.3→3" (apl-ceil (apl-scalar 2.3)) 3)
+
+(scalar-test "⌈ max 3 5 → 5" (apl-max (apl-scalar 3) (apl-scalar 5)) 5)
+
+(scalar-test "⌊ floor 2.7→2" (apl-floor (apl-scalar 2.7)) 2)
+
+(scalar-test "⌊ min 3 5 → 3" (apl-min (apl-scalar 3) (apl-scalar 5)) 3)
+
+(scalar-test "* exp monadic e^0=1" (apl-exp (apl-scalar 0)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "* pow dyadic 2^10=1024"
+  (apl-pow (apl-scalar 2) (apl-scalar 10))
+  1024)
+
+(scalar-test "⍟ ln 1=0" (apl-ln (apl-scalar 1)) 0)
+
+(scalar-test "| abs positive" (apl-abs (apl-scalar 5)) 5)
+
+(scalar-test "| abs negative" (apl-abs (apl-scalar -5)) 5)
+
+(scalar-test "| mod 3|7=1" (apl-mod (apl-scalar 3) (apl-scalar 7)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test "! factorial 5!=120" (apl-fact (apl-scalar 5)) 120)
+
+(scalar-test "! factorial 0!=1" (apl-fact (apl-scalar 0)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "! binomial 4 choose 2 = 6"
+  (apl-binomial (apl-scalar 4) (apl-scalar 2))
+  6)
+
+(scalar-test "○ pi×0=0" (apl-pi-times (apl-scalar 0)) 0)
+
+(scalar-test "○ trig sin(0)=0" (apl-trig (apl-scalar 1) (apl-scalar 0)) 0)
+
+(scalar-test "○ trig cos(0)=1" (apl-trig (apl-scalar 2) (apl-scalar 0)) 1)
+
+; ============================================================
+; Comparison tests
+; ============================================================
+
+(scalar-test "< less: 3<5 → 1" (apl-lt (apl-scalar 3) (apl-scalar 5)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test "< less: 5<3 → 0" (apl-lt (apl-scalar 5) (apl-scalar 3)) 0)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "≤ le equal: 3≤3 → 1"
+  (apl-le (apl-scalar 3) (apl-scalar 3))
+  1)
+
+(scalar-test "= eq: 5=5 → 1" (apl-eq (apl-scalar 5) (apl-scalar 5)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test "= ne: 5=6 → 0" (apl-eq (apl-scalar 5) (apl-scalar 6)) 0)
+
+(scalar-test "≥ ge: 5≥3 → 1" (apl-ge (apl-scalar 5) (apl-scalar 3)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test "> gt: 5>3 → 1" (apl-gt (apl-scalar 5) (apl-scalar 3)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test "≠ ne: 5≠3 → 1" (apl-ne (apl-scalar 5) (apl-scalar 3)) 1)
+
+(ravel-test
+  "comparison vector broadcast: 1 2 3 < 2 → 1 0 0"
+  (apl-lt (apl-vector (list 1 2 3)) (apl-scalar 2))
+  (list 1 0 0))
+
+; ============================================================
+; Logical tests
+; ============================================================
+
+(scalar-test "~ not 0 → 1" (apl-not (apl-scalar 0)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test "~ not 1 → 0" (apl-not (apl-scalar 1)) 0)
+
+(ravel-test
+  "~ not vector: 1 0 1 0 → 0 1 0 1"
+  (apl-not (apl-vector (list 1 0 1 0)))
+  (list 0 1 0 1))
+
+(scalar-test
+  "∧ and 1∧1 → 1"
+  (apl-and (apl-scalar 1) (apl-scalar 1))
+  1)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "∧ and 1∧0 → 0"
+  (apl-and (apl-scalar 1) (apl-scalar 0))
+  0)
+
+(scalar-test "∨ or 0∨1 → 1" (apl-or (apl-scalar 0) (apl-scalar 1)) 1)
+
+(scalar-test "∨ or 0∨0 → 0" (apl-or (apl-scalar 0) (apl-scalar 0)) 0)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "⍱ nor 0⍱0 → 1"
+  (apl-nor (apl-scalar 0) (apl-scalar 0))
+  1)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "⍱ nor 1⍱0 → 0"
+  (apl-nor (apl-scalar 1) (apl-scalar 0))
+  0)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "⍲ nand 1⍲1 → 0"
+  (apl-nand (apl-scalar 1) (apl-scalar 1))
+  0)
+
+(scalar-test
+  "⍲ nand 1⍲0 → 1"
+  (apl-nand (apl-scalar 1) (apl-scalar 0))
+  1)
+
+; ============================================================
+; plus-m identity test
+; ============================================================
+
+(scalar-test "+ monadic identity: +5 → 5" (apl-plus-m (apl-scalar 5)) 5)
+
+; ============================================================
+; Summary
+; ============================================================
+
+(define
+  apl-scalar-summary
+  (str
+    "scalar "
+    apl-rt-pass
+    "/"
+    apl-rt-count
+    (if (= (len apl-rt-fails) 0) "" (str " FAILS: " apl-rt-fails))))

lib/apl/tests/structural.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,608 @@
+;; lib/apl/tests/structural.sx — Phase 3: structural primitives
+;; Tests for: apl-reshape, apl-ravel, apl-transpose, apl-transpose-dyadic
+;; Loaded after runtime.sx; shares apl-test / apl-test-pass / apl-test-fail.
+
+(define rv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define sh (fn (arr) (get arr :shape)))
+
+;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+;; 1. Ravel (monadic ,)
+;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+(apl-test "ravel scalar" (rv (apl-ravel (apl-scalar 5))) (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "ravel vector"
+  (rv (apl-ravel (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "ravel matrix"
+  (rv (apl-ravel (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "ravel shape is rank-1"
+  (sh (apl-ravel (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 6))
+
+;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+;; 2. Reshape (dyadic ⍴)
+;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(apl-test
+  "reshape 2x3 ravel"
+  (rv
+    (apl-reshape
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 6) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reshape 2x3 shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-reshape
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 6) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reshape cycle 6 from 1 2"
+  (rv
+    (apl-reshape
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 6))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 2))))
+  (list 1 2 1 2 1 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reshape cycle 2x3 from 1 2"
+  (rv
+    (apl-reshape
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 2))))
+  (list 1 2 1 2 1 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reshape scalar fill"
+  (rv (apl-reshape (make-array (list 1) (list 4)) (apl-scalar 7)))
+  (list 7 7 7 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reshape truncate"
+  (rv
+    (apl-reshape
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 3))
+      (make-array (list 6) (list 10 20 30 40 50 60))))
+  (list 10 20 30))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reshape matrix to vector"
+  (sh
+    (apl-reshape
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 6))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reshape 2x2x3"
+  (sh
+    (apl-reshape
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 2 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 12) (range 1 13))))
+  (list 2 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reshape to empty"
+  (rv
+    (apl-reshape
+      (make-array (list 1) (list 0))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list))
+
+;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+;; 3. Monadic transpose (⍉)
+;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(apl-test
+  "transpose scalar shape"
+  (sh (apl-transpose (apl-scalar 99)))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "transpose scalar ravel"
+  (rv (apl-transpose (apl-scalar 99)))
+  (list 99))
+
+(apl-test
+  "transpose vector shape"
+  (sh (apl-transpose (make-array (list 3) (list 3 1 4))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "transpose vector ravel"
+  (rv (apl-transpose (make-array (list 3) (list 3 1 4))))
+  (list 3 1 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "transpose 2x3 shape"
+  (sh (apl-transpose (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 3 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "transpose 2x3 ravel"
+  (rv (apl-transpose (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 4 2 5 3 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "transpose 3x3"
+  (rv (apl-transpose (make-array (list 3 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9))))
+  (list 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "transpose 1x4 shape"
+  (sh (apl-transpose (make-array (list 1 4) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list 4 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "transpose twice identity"
+  (rv
+    (apl-transpose
+      (apl-transpose (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6)))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "transpose 3d shape"
+  (sh (apl-transpose (make-array (list 2 3 4) (range 0 24))))
+  (list 4 3 2))
+
+;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+;; 4. Dyadic transpose (perm⍉arr)
+;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(apl-test
+  "dyadic-transpose identity"
+  (rv
+    (apl-transpose-dyadic
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 2))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dyadic-transpose swap 2x3"
+  (rv
+    (apl-transpose-dyadic
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 2 1))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 4 2 5 3 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dyadic-transpose swap shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-transpose-dyadic
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 2 1))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 3 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dyadic-transpose 3d shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-transpose-dyadic
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 2 1 3))
+      (make-array (list 2 3 4) (range 0 24))))
+  (list 3 2 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "take 3 from front"
+  (rv (apl-take (apl-scalar 3) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "take 0"
+  (rv (apl-take (apl-scalar 0) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "take -2 from back"
+  (rv (apl-take (apl-scalar -2) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "take over-take pads with 0"
+  (rv (apl-take (apl-scalar 7) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5 0 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "take matrix 1 row 2 cols shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-take
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 2))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "take matrix 1 row 2 cols ravel"
+  (rv
+    (apl-take
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 2))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "take matrix negative row"
+  (rv
+    (apl-take
+      (make-array (list 2) (list -1 3))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 4 5 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "drop 2 from front"
+  (rv (apl-drop (apl-scalar 2) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 3 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "drop -2 from back"
+  (rv (apl-drop (apl-scalar -2) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "drop all"
+  (rv (apl-drop (apl-scalar 5) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "drop 0"
+  (rv (apl-drop (apl-scalar 0) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "drop matrix 1 row shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-drop
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 0))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "drop matrix 1 row ravel"
+  (rv
+    (apl-drop
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 1 0))
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 4 5 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reverse vector"
+  (rv (apl-reverse (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 5 4 3 2 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reverse scalar identity"
+  (rv (apl-reverse (apl-scalar 42)))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reverse matrix last axis"
+  (rv (apl-reverse (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 3 2 1 6 5 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reverse-first matrix"
+  (rv (apl-reverse-first (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 4 5 6 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "reverse-first vector identity"
+  (rv (apl-reverse-first (make-array (list 4) (list 1 2 3 4))))
+  (list 4 3 2 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rotate vector left by 2"
+  (rv (apl-rotate (apl-scalar 2) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 3 4 5 1 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rotate vector right by 1 (negative)"
+  (rv (apl-rotate (apl-scalar -1) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 5 1 2 3 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rotate by 0 is identity"
+  (rv (apl-rotate (apl-scalar 0) (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rotate matrix last axis"
+  (rv
+    (apl-rotate (apl-scalar 1) (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 2 3 1 5 6 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "rotate-first matrix"
+  (rv
+    (apl-rotate-first
+      (apl-scalar 1)
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 4 5 6 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "cat v,v ravel"
+  (rv
+    (apl-catenate
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 4 5))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "cat v,v shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-catenate
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 4 5))))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "cat scalar,v"
+  (rv (apl-catenate (apl-scalar 99) (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 99 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "cat v,scalar"
+  (rv (apl-catenate (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3)) (apl-scalar 99)))
+  (list 1 2 3 99))
+
+(apl-test
+  "cat matrix last-axis shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-catenate
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 7 8 9 10))))
+  (list 2 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "cat matrix last-axis ravel"
+  (rv
+    (apl-catenate
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 2 2) (list 7 8 9 10))))
+  (list 1 2 3 7 8 4 5 6 9 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "cat-first v,v shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-catenate-first
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 4 5))))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "cat-first matrix shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-catenate-first
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 3 3) (list 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19))))
+  (list 5 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "cat-first matrix ravel"
+  (rv
+    (apl-catenate-first
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 3 3) (list 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19))))
+  (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19))
+
+(apl-test
+  "squad scalar into vector"
+  (rv
+    (apl-squad (apl-scalar 2) (make-array (list 5) (list 10 20 30 40 50))))
+  (list 20))
+
+(apl-test
+  "squad first element"
+  (rv (apl-squad (apl-scalar 1) (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))))
+  (list 10))
+
+(apl-test
+  "squad last element"
+  (rv
+    (apl-squad (apl-scalar 5) (make-array (list 5) (list 10 20 30 40 50))))
+  (list 50))
+
+(apl-test
+  "squad fully specified matrix element"
+  (rv
+    (apl-squad
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3 4) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12))))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "squad partial row of matrix shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-squad
+      (apl-scalar 2)
+      (make-array (list 3 4) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12))))
+  (list 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "squad partial row of matrix ravel"
+  (rv
+    (apl-squad
+      (apl-scalar 2)
+      (make-array (list 3 4) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12))))
+  (list 5 6 7 8))
+
+(apl-test
+  "squad partial 3d slice shape"
+  (sh (apl-squad (apl-scalar 1) (make-array (list 2 3 4) (range 1 25))))
+  (list 3 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "grade-up basic"
+  (rv (apl-grade-up (make-array (list 5) (list 3 1 4 1 5))))
+  (list 2 4 1 3 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "grade-up shape"
+  (sh (apl-grade-up (make-array (list 4) (list 4 1 3 2))))
+  (list 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "grade-up no duplicates"
+  (rv (apl-grade-up (make-array (list 4) (list 4 1 3 2))))
+  (list 2 4 3 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "grade-up already sorted"
+  (rv (apl-grade-up (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "grade-up reverse sorted"
+  (rv (apl-grade-up (make-array (list 3) (list 3 2 1))))
+  (list 3 2 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "grade-down basic"
+  (rv (apl-grade-down (make-array (list 5) (list 3 1 4 1 5))))
+  (list 5 3 1 2 4))
+
+(apl-test
+  "grade-down no duplicates"
+  (rv (apl-grade-down (make-array (list 4) (list 4 1 3 2))))
+  (list 1 3 4 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "grade-up single element"
+  (rv (apl-grade-up (make-array (list 1) (list 42))))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "enclose shape is scalar"
+  (sh (apl-enclose (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list))
+
+(apl-test
+  "enclose ravel length is 1"
+  (len (rv (apl-enclose (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3)))))
+  1)
+
+(apl-test
+  "enclose inner ravel"
+  (rv (first (rv (apl-enclose (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "disclose of enclose round-trips ravel"
+  (rv (apl-disclose (apl-enclose (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30)))))
+  (list 10 20 30))
+
+(apl-test
+  "disclose of enclose round-trips shape"
+  (sh (apl-disclose (apl-enclose (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30)))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "disclose scalar ravel"
+  (rv (apl-disclose (apl-scalar 42)))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "disclose vector ravel"
+  (rv (apl-disclose (make-array (list 3) (list 5 6 7))))
+  (list 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "disclose matrix returns first row"
+  (rv (apl-disclose (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "member basic"
+  (rv
+    (apl-member
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 2 3))))
+  (list 0 1 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "member all absent"
+  (rv
+    (apl-member
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 0 0 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "member scalar"
+  (rv (apl-member (apl-scalar 5) (make-array (list 3) (list 1 5 9))))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "member shape preserved"
+  (sh
+    (apl-member
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 3 5))))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "member matrix ravel"
+  (rv
+    (apl-member
+      (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 3 5))))
+  (list 1 0 1 0 1 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "index-of basic"
+  (rv
+    (apl-index-of
+      (make-array (list 4) (list 10 20 30 40))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 20 40 10))))
+  (list 2 4 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "index-of not-found"
+  (rv
+    (apl-index-of
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 5 2))))
+  (list 4 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "index-of scalar right"
+  (rv
+    (apl-index-of (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30)) (apl-scalar 20)))
+  (list 2))
+
+(apl-test
+  "without basic"
+  (rv
+    (apl-without
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 2 4))))
+  (list 1 3 5))
+
+(apl-test
+  "without shape"
+  (sh
+    (apl-without
+      (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5))
+      (make-array (list 2) (list 2 4))))
+  (list 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "without nothing removed"
+  (rv
+    (apl-without
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 4 5 6))))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(apl-test
+  "without all removed"
+  (rv
+    (apl-without
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list))

lib/apl/tests/system.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+; Tests for APL ⎕ system functions.
+
+(define mkrv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define mksh (fn (arr) (get arr :shape)))
+
+(apl-test "⎕IO returns 1" (mkrv (apl-quad-io)) (list 1))
+
+(apl-test "⎕ML returns 1" (mkrv (apl-quad-ml)) (list 1))
+
+(apl-test "⎕FR returns 1248" (mkrv (apl-quad-fr)) (list 1248))
+
+(apl-test "⎕TS shape is 7" (mksh (apl-quad-ts)) (list 7))
+
+(apl-test "⎕TS year is 1970 default" (first (mkrv (apl-quad-ts))) 1970)
+
+(apl-test "⎕FMT scalar 42" (apl-quad-fmt (apl-scalar 42)) "42")
+
+(apl-test "⎕FMT scalar negative" (apl-quad-fmt (apl-scalar -7)) "-7")
+
+(apl-test
+  "⎕FMT empty vector"
+  (apl-quad-fmt (make-array (list 0) (list)))
+  "")
+
+(apl-test
+  "⎕FMT singleton vector"
+  (apl-quad-fmt (make-array (list 1) (list 42)))
+  "42")
+
+(apl-test
+  "⎕FMT vector"
+  (apl-quad-fmt (make-array (list 5) (list 1 2 3 4 5)))
+  "1 2 3 4 5")
+
+(apl-test
+  "⎕FMT matrix 2x3"
+  (apl-quad-fmt (make-array (list 2 3) (list 1 2 3 4 5 6)))
+  "1 2 3\n4 5 6\n")
+
+(apl-test
+  "⎕← (print) returns its arg"
+  (mkrv (apl-quad-print (apl-scalar 99)))
+  (list 99))
+
+(apl-test
+  "⎕← preserves shape"
+  (mksh (apl-quad-print (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))))
+  (list 3))

lib/apl/tests/tradfn.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+; Tests for apl-call-tradfn (manual structure construction).
+
+(define mkrv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define mksh (fn (arr) (get arr :shape)))
+(define mknum (fn (n) (list :num n)))
+(define mknm (fn (s) (list :name s)))
+(define mkfg (fn (g) (list :fn-glyph g)))
+(define mkmon (fn (g a) (list :monad (mkfg g) a)))
+(define mkdyd (fn (g l r) (list :dyad (mkfg g) l r)))
+(define mkasg (fn (n e) (list :assign n e)))
+(define mkbr (fn (e) (list :branch e)))
+
+(define mkif (fn (c t e) (list :if c t e)))
+
+(define mkwhile (fn (c b) (list :while c b)))
+
+(define mkfor (fn (v i b) (list :for v i b)))
+
+(define mksel (fn (v cs d) (list :select v cs d)))
+
+(define mktrap (fn (codes t c) (list :trap codes t c)))
+
+(define mkthr (fn (code msg) (list :throw code msg)))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn R←L+W simple add"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "L") (mknm "W")))) :alpha "L"} (apl-scalar 5) (apl-scalar 7)))
+  (list 12))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn R←L×W"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "×" (mknm "L") (mknm "W")))) :alpha "L"} (apl-scalar 6) (apl-scalar 7)))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn monadic R←-W"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mkmon "-" (mknm "W")))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 9)))
+  (list -9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn →0 exits early"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mknm "W")) (mkbr (mknum 0)) (mkasg "R" (mknum 999))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 7)))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn branch to line 3 skips line 2"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkbr (mknum 3)) (mkasg "R" (mknum 999)) (mkasg "R" (mknum 42))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 0)))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn local var t←W+1; R←t×2"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "t" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "W") (mknum 1))) (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "×" (mknm "t") (mknum 2)))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 12))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn vector args"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-call-tradfn
+      {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "L") (mknm "W")))) :alpha "L"}
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 1 2 3))
+      (make-array (list 3) (list 10 20 30))))
+  (list 11 22 33))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn unset result returns nil"
+  (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkbr (mknum 0))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 5))
+  nil)
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn run-off end returns result"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "×" (mknm "W") (mknum 3)))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 7)))
+  (list 21))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn loop sum 1+2+...+5 via branch"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "i" (mknum 1)) (mkasg "R" (mknum 0)) (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "R") (mknm "i"))) (mkasg "i" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "i") (mknum 1))) (mkbr (mkdyd "×" (mkdyd "≤" (mknm "i") (mknm "W")) (mknum 3)))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 15))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :If true branch"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkif (mkdyd ">" (mknm "W") (mknum 0)) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 1))) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 0))))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :If false branch"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkif (mkdyd ">" (mknm "W") (mknum 100)) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 1))) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 0))))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 0))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :While sum 1..N"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "i" (mknum 1)) (mkasg "R" (mknum 0)) (mkwhile (mkdyd "≤" (mknm "i") (mknm "W")) (list (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "R") (mknm "i"))) (mkasg "i" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "i") (mknum 1)))))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 10)))
+  (list 55))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :For sum elements"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-call-tradfn
+      {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 0)) (mkfor "x" (mknm "W") (list (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "R") (mknm "x")))))) :alpha nil}
+      nil
+      (make-array (list 4) (list 10 20 30 40))))
+  (list 100))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :For with empty vector"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 99)) (mkfor "x" (mknm "W") (list (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "R") (mknm "x")))))) :alpha nil} nil (make-array (list 0) (list))))
+  (list 99))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :Select dispatch hit"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mksel (mknm "W") (list (list (mknum 1) (mkasg "R" (mknum 100))) (list (mknum 2) (mkasg "R" (mknum 200))) (list (mknum 3) (mkasg "R" (mknum 300)))) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 0))))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 2)))
+  (list 200))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :Select default block"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mksel (mknm "W") (list (list (mknum 1) (mkasg "R" (mknum 100))) (list (mknum 2) (mkasg "R" (mknum 200)))) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum -1))))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 99)))
+  (list -1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn nested :If"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkif (mkdyd ">" (mknm "W") (mknum 0)) (list (mkif (mkdyd ">" (mknm "W") (mknum 10)) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 2))) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 1))))) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 0))))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :If assigns persist outside"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 0)) (mkif (mkdyd ">" (mknm "W") (mknum 0)) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 42))) (list)) (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "R") (mknum 1)))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 43))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :For factorial 1..5"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 1)) (mkfor "x" (mkmon "⍳" (mknm "W")) (list (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "×" (mknm "R") (mknm "x")))))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 120))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :Trap normal flow (no error)"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega nil :stmts (list (mktrap (list 0) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 99))) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum -1))))) :alpha nil} nil nil))
+  (list 99))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :Trap catches matching code"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega nil :stmts (list (mktrap (list 5) (list (mkthr 5 "boom")) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 42))))) :alpha nil} nil nil))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :Trap catch-all (code 0)"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega nil :stmts (list (mktrap (list 0) (list (mkthr 99 "any")) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 1))))) :alpha nil} nil nil))
+  (list 1))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :Trap catches one of many codes"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega nil :stmts (list (mktrap (list 1 2 3) (list (mkthr 2 "two")) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 22))))) :alpha nil} nil nil))
+  (list 22))
+
+(apl-test
+  "tradfn :Trap continues to next stmt after catch"
+  (mkrv (apl-call-tradfn {:result "R" :omega nil :stmts (list (mktrap (list 7) (list (mkthr 7 "c")) (list (mkasg "R" (mknum 10)))) (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "+" (mknm "R") (mknum 5)))) :alpha nil} nil nil))
+  (list 15))

lib/apl/tests/valence.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+; Tests for valence detection (apl-dfn-valence, apl-tradfn-valence)
+; and unified dispatch (apl-call).
+
+(define mkrv (fn (arr) (get arr :ravel)))
+(define mknum (fn (n) (list :num n)))
+(define mknm (fn (s) (list :name s)))
+(define mkfg (fn (g) (list :fn-glyph g)))
+(define mkmon (fn (g a) (list :monad (mkfg g) a)))
+(define mkdyd (fn (g l r) (list :dyad (mkfg g) l r)))
+(define mkasg (fn (n e) (list :assign n e)))
+(define mkdfn (fn (stmts) (cons :dfn stmts)))
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn-valence niladic body=42"
+  (apl-dfn-valence (mkdfn (list (mknum 42))))
+  :niladic)
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn-valence monadic body=⍵+1"
+  (apl-dfn-valence (mkdfn (list (mkdyd "+" (mknm "⍵") (mknum 1)))))
+  :monadic)
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn-valence dyadic body=⍺+⍵"
+  (apl-dfn-valence (mkdfn (list (mkdyd "+" (mknm "⍺") (mknm "⍵")))))
+  :dyadic)
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn-valence dyadic mentions ⍺ via local"
+  (apl-dfn-valence (mkdfn (list (mkasg "x" (mknm "⍺")) (mknm "x"))))
+  :dyadic)
+
+(apl-test
+  "dfn-valence dyadic deep nest"
+  (apl-dfn-valence
+    (mkdfn (list (mkmon "-" (mkdyd "×" (mknm "⍺") (mknm "⍵"))))))
+  :dyadic)
+
+(apl-test "tradfn-valence niladic" (apl-tradfn-valence {:result "R" :omega nil :stmts (list) :alpha nil}) :niladic)
+
+(apl-test "tradfn-valence monadic" (apl-tradfn-valence {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list) :alpha nil}) :monadic)
+
+(apl-test "tradfn-valence dyadic" (apl-tradfn-valence {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list) :alpha "L"}) :dyadic)
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-call dfn niladic"
+  (mkrv (apl-call (mkdfn (list (mknum 42))) nil nil))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-call dfn monadic"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-call
+      (mkdfn (list (mkdyd "+" (mknm "⍵") (mknum 1))))
+      nil
+      (apl-scalar 5)))
+  (list 6))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-call dfn dyadic"
+  (mkrv
+    (apl-call
+      (mkdfn (list (mkdyd "+" (mknm "⍺") (mknm "⍵"))))
+      (apl-scalar 3)
+      (apl-scalar 4)))
+  (list 7))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-call tradfn dyadic"
+  (mkrv (apl-call {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mkdyd "×" (mknm "L") (mknm "W")))) :alpha "L"} (apl-scalar 6) (apl-scalar 7)))
+  (list 42))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-call tradfn monadic"
+  (mkrv (apl-call {:result "R" :omega "W" :stmts (list (mkasg "R" (mkmon "-" (mknm "W")))) :alpha nil} nil (apl-scalar 9)))
+  (list -9))
+
+(apl-test
+  "apl-call tradfn niladic returns nil result"
+  (apl-call {:result "R" :omega nil :stmts (list) :alpha nil} nil nil)
+  nil)

lib/apl/tokenizer.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+(define apl-glyph-set
+  (list "+" "-" "×" "÷" "*" "⍟" "⌈" "⌊" "|" "!" "?" "○" "~" "<" "≤" "=" "≥" ">" "≠"
+        "≢" "≡" "∊" "∧" "∨" "⍱" "⍲" "," "⍪" "⍴" "⌽" "⊖" "⍉" "↑" "↓" "⊂" "⊃" "⊆"
+        "∪" "∩" "⍳" "⍸" "⌷" "⍋" "⍒" "⊥" "⊤" "⊣" "⊢" "⍎" "⍕"
+        "⍺" "⍵" "∇" "/" "⌿" "\\" "⍀" "¨" "⍨" "∘" "." "⍣" "⍤" "⍥" "@" "¯"))
+
+(define apl-glyph?
+  (fn (ch)
+    (some (fn (g) (= g ch)) apl-glyph-set)))
+
+(define apl-digit?
+  (fn (ch)
+    (and (string? ch) (>= ch "0") (<= ch "9"))))
+
+(define apl-alpha?
+  (fn (ch)
+    (and (string? ch)
+         (or (and (>= ch "a") (<= ch "z"))
+             (and (>= ch "A") (<= ch "Z"))
+             (= ch "_")))))
+
+(define apl-tokenize
+  (fn (source)
+    (let ((pos 0)
+          (src-len (len source))
+          (tokens (list)))
+
+      (define tok-push!
+        (fn (type value)
+          (append! tokens {:type type :value value})))
+
+      (define cur-sw?
+        (fn (ch)
+          (and (< pos src-len) (starts-with? (slice source pos) ch))))
+
+      (define cur-byte
+        (fn ()
+          (if (< pos src-len) (nth source pos) nil)))
+
+      (define advance!
+        (fn ()
+          (set! pos (+ pos 1))))
+
+      (define consume!
+        (fn (ch)
+          (set! pos (+ pos (len ch)))))
+
+      (define find-glyph
+        (fn ()
+          (let ((rem (slice source pos)))
+            (let ((matches (filter (fn (g) (starts-with? rem g)) apl-glyph-set)))
+              (if (> (len matches) 0) (first matches) nil)))))
+
+      (define read-digits!
+        (fn (acc)
+          (if (and (< pos src-len) (apl-digit? (cur-byte)))
+            (let ((ch (cur-byte)))
+              (begin
+                (advance!)
+                (read-digits! (str acc ch))))
+            acc)))
+
+      (define read-ident-cont!
+        (fn ()
+          (when (and (< pos src-len)
+                     (let ((ch (cur-byte)))
+                       (or (apl-alpha? ch) (apl-digit? ch))))
+            (begin
+              (advance!)
+              (read-ident-cont!)))))
+
+      (define read-string!
+        (fn (acc)
+          (cond
+            ((>= pos src-len) acc)
+            ((cur-sw? "'")
+             (if (and (< (+ pos 1) src-len) (cur-sw? "'"))
+               (begin
+                 (advance!)
+                 (advance!)
+                 (read-string! (str acc "'")))
+               (begin (advance!) acc)))
+            (true
+             (let ((ch (cur-byte)))
+               (begin
+                 (advance!)
+                 (read-string! (str acc ch))))))))
+
+      (define skip-line!
+        (fn ()
+          (when (and (< pos src-len) (not (cur-sw? "\n")))
+            (begin
+              (advance!)
+              (skip-line!)))))
+
+      (define scan!
+        (fn ()
+          (when (< pos src-len)
+            (let ((ch (cur-byte)))
+              (cond
+                ((or (= ch " ") (= ch "\t") (= ch "\r"))
+                 (begin (advance!) (scan!)))
+                ((= ch "\n")
+                 (begin (advance!) (tok-push! :newline nil) (scan!)))
+                ((cur-sw? "⍝")
+                 (begin (skip-line!) (scan!)))
+                ((cur-sw? "⋄")
+                 (begin (consume! "⋄") (tok-push! :diamond nil) (scan!)))
+                ((= ch "(")
+                 (begin (advance!) (tok-push! :lparen nil) (scan!)))
+                ((= ch ")")
+                 (begin (advance!) (tok-push! :rparen nil) (scan!)))
+                ((= ch "[")
+                 (begin (advance!) (tok-push! :lbracket nil) (scan!)))
+                ((= ch "]")
+                 (begin (advance!) (tok-push! :rbracket nil) (scan!)))
+                ((= ch "{")
+                 (begin (advance!) (tok-push! :lbrace nil) (scan!)))
+                ((= ch "}")
+                 (begin (advance!) (tok-push! :rbrace nil) (scan!)))
+                ((= ch ";")
+                 (begin (advance!) (tok-push! :semi nil) (scan!)))
+                ((cur-sw? "←")
+                 (begin (consume! "←") (tok-push! :assign nil) (scan!)))
+                ((= ch ":")
+                 (let ((start pos))
+                   (begin
+                     (advance!)
+                     (if (and (< pos src-len) (apl-alpha? (cur-byte)))
+                       (begin
+                         (read-ident-cont!)
+                         (tok-push! :keyword (slice source start pos)))
+                       (tok-push! :colon nil))
+                     (scan!))))
+                ((and (cur-sw? "¯")
+                      (< (+ pos (len "¯")) src-len)
+                      (apl-digit? (nth source (+ pos (len "¯")))))
+                 (begin
+                   (consume! "¯")
+                   (let ((digits (read-digits! "")))
+                     (if (and (< pos src-len) (= (cur-byte) ".")
+                              (< (+ pos 1) src-len) (apl-digit? (nth source (+ pos 1))))
+                       (begin (advance!)
+                              (let ((frac (read-digits! "")))
+                                (tok-push! :num (- 0 (string->number (str digits "." frac))))))
+                       (tok-push! :num (- 0 (parse-int digits 0)))))
+                   (scan!)))
+                ((apl-digit? ch)
+                 (begin
+                   (let ((digits (read-digits! "")))
+                     (if (and (< pos src-len) (= (cur-byte) ".")
+                              (< (+ pos 1) src-len) (apl-digit? (nth source (+ pos 1))))
+                       (begin (advance!)
+                              (let ((frac (read-digits! "")))
+                                (tok-push! :num (string->number (str digits "." frac)))))
+                       (tok-push! :num (parse-int digits 0))))
+                   (scan!)))
+                ((= ch "'")
+                 (begin
+                   (advance!)
+                   (let ((s (read-string! "")))
+                     (tok-push! :str s))
+                   (scan!)))
+                ((or (apl-alpha? ch) (cur-sw? "⎕"))
+                 (let ((start pos))
+                   (begin
+                     (if (cur-sw? "⎕") (consume! "⎕") (advance!))
+                     (if (and (< pos src-len) (cur-sw? "←"))
+                       (consume! "←")
+                       (read-ident-cont!))
+                     (tok-push! :name (slice source start pos))
+                     (scan!))))
+                (true
+                 (let ((g (find-glyph)))
+                   (if g
+                     (begin (consume! g) (tok-push! :glyph g) (scan!))
+                     (begin (advance!) (scan!))))))))))
+
+      (scan!)
+      tokens)))

lib/apl/transpile.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+; APL transpile / AST evaluator
+;
+; Walks parsed AST nodes and evaluates against the runtime.
+; Entry points:
+;   apl-eval-ast    : node × env → value
+;   apl-eval-stmts  : stmt-list × env → value (handles guards, locals, ⍺← default)
+;   apl-call-dfn    : dfn-ast × ⍺ × ⍵ → value   (dyadic)
+;   apl-call-dfn-m  : dfn-ast × ⍵ → value       (monadic)
+;
+; Env is a dict; ⍺ stored under "alpha", ⍵ under "omega",
+; the dfn-ast itself under "nabla" (for ∇ recursion),
+; user names under their literal name.
+
+(define
+  apl-monadic-fn
+  (fn
+    (g)
+    (cond
+      ((= g "+") apl-plus-m)
+      ((= g "-") apl-neg-m)
+      ((= g "×") apl-signum)
+      ((= g "÷") apl-recip)
+      ((= g "⌈") apl-ceil)
+      ((= g "⌊") apl-floor)
+      ((= g "⍳") apl-iota)
+      ((= g "|") apl-abs)
+      ((= g "*") apl-exp)
+      ((= g "⍟") apl-ln)
+      ((= g "!") apl-fact)
+      ((= g "○") apl-pi-times)
+      ((= g "~") apl-not)
+      ((= g "≢") apl-tally)
+      ((= g "⍴") apl-shape)
+      ((= g "≡") apl-depth)
+      ((= g "⊂") apl-enclose)
+      ((= g "⊃") apl-disclose)
+      ((= g ",") apl-ravel)
+      ((= g "⌽") apl-reverse)
+      ((= g "⊖") apl-reverse-first)
+      ((= g "⍋") apl-grade-up)
+      ((= g "⍒") apl-grade-down)
+      ((= g "?") apl-roll)
+      ((= g "⍉") apl-transpose)
+      ((= g "⊢") (fn (a) a))
+      ((= g "⊣") (fn (a) a))
+      ((= g "⍕") apl-quad-fmt)
+      ((= g "⎕FMT") apl-quad-fmt)
+      ((= g "⎕←") apl-quad-print)
+      (else (error "no monadic fn for glyph")))))
+
+(define
+  apl-dyadic-fn
+  (fn
+    (g)
+    (cond
+      ((= g "+") apl-add)
+      ((= g "-") apl-sub)
+      ((= g "×") apl-mul)
+      ((= g "÷") apl-div)
+      ((= g "⌈") apl-max)
+      ((= g "⌊") apl-min)
+      ((= g "*") apl-pow)
+      ((= g "⍟") apl-log)
+      ((= g "|") apl-mod)
+      ((= g "!") apl-binomial)
+      ((= g "○") apl-trig)
+      ((= g "<") apl-lt)
+      ((= g "≤") apl-le)
+      ((= g "=") apl-eq)
+      ((= g "≥") apl-ge)
+      ((= g ">") apl-gt)
+      ((= g "≠") apl-ne)
+      ((= g "∧") apl-and)
+      ((= g "∨") apl-or)
+      ((= g "⍱") apl-nor)
+      ((= g "⍲") apl-nand)
+      ((= g ",") apl-catenate)
+      ((= g "⍪") apl-catenate-first)
+      ((= g "⍴") apl-reshape)
+      ((= g "↑") apl-take)
+      ((= g "↓") apl-drop)
+      ((= g "⌷") apl-squad)
+      ((= g "⌽") apl-rotate)
+      ((= g "⊖") apl-rotate-first)
+      ((= g "∊") apl-member)
+      ((= g "⍳") apl-index-of)
+      ((= g "~") apl-without)
+      ((= g "/") apl-compress)
+      ((= g "⌿") apl-compress-first)
+      ((= g "⍉") apl-transpose-dyadic)
+      ((= g "⊢") (fn (a b) b))
+      ((= g "⊣") (fn (a b) a))
+      (else (error "no dyadic fn for glyph")))))
+
+(define
+  apl-truthy?
+  (fn
+    (v)
+    (let
+      ((rv (get v :ravel)))
+      (if (and (= (len rv) 1) (= (first rv) 0)) false true))))
+
+(define
+  apl-eval-ast
+  (fn
+    (node env)
+    (let
+      ((tag (first node)))
+      (cond
+        ((= tag :num) (apl-scalar (nth node 1)))
+        ((= tag :str)
+          (let
+            ((s (nth node 1)))
+            (if
+              (= (len s) 1)
+              (apl-scalar s)
+              (make-array
+                (list (len s))
+                (map (fn (i) (slice s i (+ i 1))) (range 0 (len s)))))))
+        ((= tag :vec)
+          (let
+            ((items (rest node)))
+            (let
+              ((vals (map (fn (n) (apl-eval-ast n env)) items)))
+              (make-array
+                (list (len vals))
+                (map (fn (v) (first (get v :ravel))) vals)))))
+        ((= tag :name)
+          (let
+            ((nm (nth node 1)))
+            (cond
+              ((= nm "⍺")
+                (let
+                  ((v (get env "⍺")))
+                  (if (= v nil) (get env "alpha") v)))
+              ((= nm "⍵")
+                (let
+                  ((v (get env "⍵")))
+                  (if (= v nil) (get env "omega") v)))
+              ((= nm "⎕IO") (apl-quad-io))
+              ((= nm "⎕ML") (apl-quad-ml))
+              ((= nm "⎕FR") (apl-quad-fr))
+              ((= nm "⎕TS") (apl-quad-ts))
+              (else (get env nm)))))
+        ((= tag :monad)
+          (let
+            ((fn-node (nth node 1)) (arg (nth node 2)))
+            (if
+              (and (= (first fn-node) :fn-glyph) (= (nth fn-node 1) "∇"))
+              (apl-call-dfn-m (get env "nabla") (apl-eval-ast arg env))
+              (let
+                ((arg-val (apl-eval-ast arg env)))
+                (let
+                  ((new-env (if (and (list? arg) (> (len arg) 0) (= (first arg) :assign-expr)) (assoc env (nth arg 1) arg-val) env)))
+                  ((apl-resolve-monadic fn-node new-env) arg-val))))))
+        ((= tag :dyad)
+          (let
+            ((fn-node (nth node 1))
+              (lhs (nth node 2))
+              (rhs (nth node 3)))
+            (if
+              (and (= (first fn-node) :fn-glyph) (= (nth fn-node 1) "∇"))
+              (apl-call-dfn
+                (get env "nabla")
+                (apl-eval-ast lhs env)
+                (apl-eval-ast rhs env))
+              (let
+                ((rhs-val (apl-eval-ast rhs env)))
+                (let
+                  ((new-env (if (and (list? rhs) (> (len rhs) 0) (= (first rhs) :assign-expr)) (assoc env (nth rhs 1) rhs-val) env)))
+                  ((apl-resolve-dyadic fn-node new-env)
+                    (apl-eval-ast lhs new-env)
+                    rhs-val))))))
+        ((= tag :program) (apl-eval-stmts (rest node) env))
+        ((= tag :dfn) node)
+        ((= tag :bracket)
+          (let
+            ((arr-expr (nth node 1)) (axis-exprs (rest (rest node))))
+            (let
+              ((arr (apl-eval-ast arr-expr env))
+                (axes
+                  (map
+                    (fn (a) (if (= a :all) nil (apl-eval-ast a env)))
+                    axis-exprs)))
+              (apl-bracket-multi axes arr))))
+        ((= tag :assign-expr) (apl-eval-ast (nth node 2) env))
+        ((= tag :assign) (apl-eval-ast (nth node 2) env))
+        (else (error (list "apl-eval-ast: unknown node tag" tag node)))))))
+
+(define
+  apl-eval-stmts
+  (fn
+    (stmts env)
+    (if
+      (= (len stmts) 0)
+      nil
+      (let
+        ((stmt (first stmts)) (more (rest stmts)))
+        (let
+          ((tag (first stmt)))
+          (cond
+            ((= tag :guard)
+              (let
+                ((cond-val (apl-eval-ast (nth stmt 1) env)))
+                (if
+                  (apl-truthy? cond-val)
+                  (apl-eval-ast (nth stmt 2) env)
+                  (apl-eval-stmts more env))))
+            ((and (= tag :assign) (= (nth stmt 1) "⍺"))
+              (if
+                (get env "alpha")
+                (apl-eval-stmts more env)
+                (let
+                  ((v (apl-eval-ast (nth stmt 2) env)))
+                  (apl-eval-stmts more (assoc env "alpha" v)))))
+            ((= tag :assign)
+              (let
+                ((v (apl-eval-ast (nth stmt 2) env)))
+                (apl-eval-stmts more (assoc env (nth stmt 1) v))))
+            ((= (len more) 0) (apl-eval-ast stmt env))
+            (else (begin (apl-eval-ast stmt env) (apl-eval-stmts more env)))))))))
+
+(define
+  apl-call-dfn
+  (fn
+    (dfn-ast alpha omega)
+    (let
+      ((stmts (rest dfn-ast)) (env {:omega omega :nabla dfn-ast :alpha alpha}))
+      (apl-eval-stmts stmts env))))
+
+(define
+  apl-call-dfn-m
+  (fn
+    (dfn-ast omega)
+    (let
+      ((stmts (rest dfn-ast)) (env {:omega omega :nabla dfn-ast :alpha nil}))
+      (apl-eval-stmts stmts env))))
+
+(define
+  apl-tradfn-eval-block
+  (fn
+    (stmts env)
+    (if
+      (= (len stmts) 0)
+      env
+      (let
+        ((stmt (first stmts)))
+        (apl-tradfn-eval-block (rest stmts) (apl-tradfn-eval-stmt stmt env))))))
+
+(define
+  apl-tradfn-eval-while
+  (fn
+    (cond-expr body env)
+    (let
+      ((cond-val (apl-eval-ast cond-expr env)))
+      (if
+        (apl-truthy? cond-val)
+        (apl-tradfn-eval-while
+          cond-expr
+          body
+          (apl-tradfn-eval-block body env))
+        env))))
+
+(define
+  apl-tradfn-eval-for
+  (fn
+    (var-name items body env)
+    (if
+      (= (len items) 0)
+      env
+      (let
+        ((env-with-var (assoc env var-name (apl-scalar (first items)))))
+        (apl-tradfn-eval-for
+          var-name
+          (rest items)
+          body
+          (apl-tradfn-eval-block body env-with-var))))))
+
+(define
+  apl-tradfn-eval-select
+  (fn
+    (val cases default-block env)
+    (if
+      (= (len cases) 0)
+      (apl-tradfn-eval-block default-block env)
+      (let
+        ((c (first cases)))
+        (let
+          ((case-val (apl-eval-ast (first c) env)))
+          (if
+            (= (first (get val :ravel)) (first (get case-val :ravel)))
+            (apl-tradfn-eval-block (rest c) env)
+            (apl-tradfn-eval-select val (rest cases) default-block env)))))))
+
+(define
+  apl-tradfn-eval-stmt
+  (fn
+    (stmt env)
+    (let
+      ((tag (first stmt)))
+      (cond
+        ((= tag :assign)
+          (assoc env (nth stmt 1) (apl-eval-ast (nth stmt 2) env)))
+        ((= tag :if)
+          (let
+            ((cond-val (apl-eval-ast (nth stmt 1) env)))
+            (if
+              (apl-truthy? cond-val)
+              (apl-tradfn-eval-block (nth stmt 2) env)
+              (apl-tradfn-eval-block (nth stmt 3) env))))
+        ((= tag :while)
+          (apl-tradfn-eval-while (nth stmt 1) (nth stmt 2) env))
+        ((= tag :for)
+          (let
+            ((iter-val (apl-eval-ast (nth stmt 2) env)))
+            (apl-tradfn-eval-for
+              (nth stmt 1)
+              (get iter-val :ravel)
+              (nth stmt 3)
+              env)))
+        ((= tag :select)
+          (let
+            ((val (apl-eval-ast (nth stmt 1) env)))
+            (apl-tradfn-eval-select val (nth stmt 2) (nth stmt 3) env)))
+        ((= tag :trap)
+          (let
+            ((codes (nth stmt 1))
+              (try-block (nth stmt 2))
+              (catch-block (nth stmt 3)))
+            (guard
+              (e
+                ((apl-trap-matches? codes e)
+                  (apl-tradfn-eval-block catch-block env)))
+              (apl-tradfn-eval-block try-block env))))
+        ((= tag :throw) (apl-throw (nth stmt 1) (nth stmt 2)))
+        (else (begin (apl-eval-ast stmt env) env))))))
+
+(define
+  apl-tradfn-loop
+  (fn
+    (stmts line env result-name)
+    (cond
+      ((= line 0) (get env result-name))
+      ((> line (len stmts)) (get env result-name))
+      (else
+        (let
+          ((stmt (nth stmts (- line 1))))
+          (let
+            ((tag (first stmt)))
+            (cond
+              ((= tag :branch)
+                (let
+                  ((target (apl-eval-ast (nth stmt 1) env)))
+                  (let
+                    ((target-num (first (get target :ravel))))
+                    (apl-tradfn-loop stmts target-num env result-name))))
+              (else
+                (apl-tradfn-loop
+                  stmts
+                  (+ line 1)
+                  (apl-tradfn-eval-stmt stmt env)
+                  result-name)))))))))
+
+(define
+  apl-call-tradfn
+  (fn
+    (tradfn alpha omega)
+    (let
+      ((stmts (get tradfn :stmts))
+        (result-name (get tradfn :result))
+        (alpha-name (get tradfn :alpha))
+        (omega-name (get tradfn :omega)))
+      (let
+        ((env-a (if alpha-name (assoc {} alpha-name alpha) {})))
+        (let
+          ((env-ao (if omega-name (assoc env-a omega-name omega) env-a)))
+          (apl-tradfn-loop stmts 1 env-ao result-name))))))
+
+(define
+  apl-ast-mentions-list?
+  (fn
+    (lst target)
+    (if
+      (= (len lst) 0)
+      false
+      (if
+        (apl-ast-mentions? (first lst) target)
+        true
+        (apl-ast-mentions-list? (rest lst) target)))))
+
+(define
+  apl-ast-mentions?
+  (fn
+    (node target)
+    (cond
+      ((not (list? node)) false)
+      ((= (len node) 0) false)
+      ((and (= (first node) :name) (= (nth node 1) target)) true)
+      (else (apl-ast-mentions-list? (rest node) target)))))
+
+(define
+  apl-dfn-valence
+  (fn
+    (dfn-ast)
+    (let
+      ((body (rest dfn-ast)))
+      (cond
+        ((apl-ast-mentions-list? body "⍺") :dyadic)
+        ((apl-ast-mentions-list? body "⍵") :monadic)
+        (else :niladic)))))
+
+(define
+  apl-tradfn-valence
+  (fn
+    (tradfn)
+    (cond
+      ((get tradfn :alpha) :dyadic)
+      ((get tradfn :omega) :monadic)
+      (else :niladic))))
+
+(define
+  apl-call
+  (fn
+    (f alpha omega)
+    (cond
+      ((and (list? f) (> (len f) 0) (= (first f) :dfn))
+        (if alpha (apl-call-dfn f alpha omega) (apl-call-dfn-m f omega)))
+      ((dict? f) (apl-call-tradfn f alpha omega))
+      (else (error "apl-call: not a function")))))
+
+(define
+  apl-resolve-monadic
+  (fn
+    (fn-node env)
+    (let
+      ((tag (first fn-node)))
+      (cond
+        ((= tag :fn-glyph) (apl-monadic-fn (nth fn-node 1)))
+        ((= tag :derived-fn)
+          (let
+            ((op (nth fn-node 1)) (inner (nth fn-node 2)))
+            (cond
+              ((= op "/")
+                (let
+                  ((f (apl-resolve-dyadic inner env)))
+                  (fn (arr) (apl-reduce f arr))))
+              ((= op "⌿")
+                (let
+                  ((f (apl-resolve-dyadic inner env)))
+                  (fn (arr) (apl-reduce-first f arr))))
+              ((= op "\\")
+                (let
+                  ((f (apl-resolve-dyadic inner env)))
+                  (fn (arr) (apl-scan f arr))))
+              ((= op "⍀")
+                (let
+                  ((f (apl-resolve-dyadic inner env)))
+                  (fn (arr) (apl-scan-first f arr))))
+              ((= op "¨")
+                (let
+                  ((f (apl-resolve-monadic inner env)))
+                  (fn (arr) (apl-each f arr))))
+              ((= op "⍨")
+                (let
+                  ((f (apl-resolve-dyadic inner env)))
+                  (fn (arr) (apl-commute f arr))))
+              (else (error "apl-resolve-monadic: unsupported op")))))
+        ((= tag :fn-name)
+          (let
+            ((nm (nth fn-node 1)))
+            (let
+              ((bound (get env nm)))
+              (if
+                (and
+                  (list? bound)
+                  (> (len bound) 0)
+                  (= (first bound) :dfn))
+                (fn (arg) (apl-call-dfn-m bound arg))
+                (error "apl-resolve-monadic: name not bound to dfn")))))
+        ((= tag :train)
+          (let
+            ((fns (rest fn-node)))
+            (let
+              ((n (len fns)))
+              (cond
+                ((= n 2)
+                  (let
+                    ((g (apl-resolve-monadic (nth fns 0) env))
+                      (h (apl-resolve-monadic (nth fns 1) env)))
+                    (fn (arg) (g (h arg)))))
+                ((= n 3)
+                  (let
+                    ((f (apl-resolve-monadic (nth fns 0) env))
+                      (g (apl-resolve-dyadic (nth fns 1) env))
+                      (h (apl-resolve-monadic (nth fns 2) env)))
+                    (fn (arg) (g (f arg) (h arg)))))
+                (else (error "monadic train arity not 2 or 3"))))))
+        (else (error "apl-resolve-monadic: unknown fn-node tag"))))))
+
+(define
+  apl-resolve-dyadic
+  (fn
+    (fn-node env)
+    (let
+      ((tag (first fn-node)))
+      (cond
+        ((= tag :fn-glyph) (apl-dyadic-fn (nth fn-node 1)))
+        ((= tag :derived-fn)
+          (let
+            ((op (nth fn-node 1)) (inner (nth fn-node 2)))
+            (cond
+              ((= op "¨")
+                (let
+                  ((f (apl-resolve-dyadic inner env)))
+                  (fn (a b) (apl-each-dyadic f a b))))
+              ((= op "⍨")
+                (let
+                  ((f (apl-resolve-dyadic inner env)))
+                  (fn (a b) (apl-commute-dyadic f a b))))
+              (else (error "apl-resolve-dyadic: unsupported op")))))
+        ((= tag :fn-name)
+          (let
+            ((nm (nth fn-node 1)))
+            (let
+              ((bound (get env nm)))
+              (if
+                (and
+                  (list? bound)
+                  (> (len bound) 0)
+                  (= (first bound) :dfn))
+                (fn (a b) (apl-call-dfn bound a b))
+                (error "apl-resolve-dyadic: name not bound to dfn")))))
+        ((= tag :outer)
+          (let
+            ((inner (nth fn-node 2)))
+            (let
+              ((f (apl-resolve-dyadic inner env)))
+              (fn (a b) (apl-outer f a b)))))
+        ((= tag :derived-fn2)
+          (let
+            ((f-node (nth fn-node 2)) (g-node (nth fn-node 3)))
+            (let
+              ((f (apl-resolve-dyadic f-node env))
+                (g (apl-resolve-dyadic g-node env)))
+              (fn (a b) (apl-inner f g a b)))))
+        ((= tag :train)
+          (let
+            ((fns (rest fn-node)))
+            (let
+              ((n (len fns)))
+              (cond
+                ((= n 2)
+                  (let
+                    ((g (apl-resolve-monadic (nth fns 0) env))
+                      (h (apl-resolve-dyadic (nth fns 1) env)))
+                    (fn (a b) (g (h a b)))))
+                ((= n 3)
+                  (let
+                    ((f (apl-resolve-dyadic (nth fns 0) env))
+                      (g (apl-resolve-dyadic (nth fns 1) env))
+                      (h (apl-resolve-dyadic (nth fns 2) env)))
+                    (fn (a b) (g (f a b) (h a b)))))
+                (else (error "dyadic train arity not 2 or 3"))))))
+        (else (error "apl-resolve-dyadic: unknown fn-node tag"))))))
+
+(define apl-run (fn (src) (apl-eval-ast (parse-apl src) {})))
+
+(define apl-run-file (fn (path) (apl-run (file-read path))))

lib/common-lisp/conformance.sh

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ run_suite() {
   local name="$1" load_files="$2" pass_var="$3" fail_var="$4" failures_var="$5"
   local TMP; TMP=$(mktemp)
   {
-    printf '(epoch 1)\n(load "spec/stdlib.sx")\n'
+    printf '(epoch 1)\n(load "spec/stdlib.sx")\n(load "lib/guest/prefix.sx")\n'
     local i=2
     for f in $load_files; do
       printf '(epoch %d)\n(load "%s")\n' "$i" "$f"

lib/common-lisp/runtime.sx

@@ -23,13 +23,19 @@
   (cl-numberp? x)
   (let ((t (type-of x))) (or (= t "number") (= t "rational"))))
 
-(define cl-integerp? integer?)
-(define cl-floatp? float?)
-(define cl-rationalp? rational?)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    (integerp? integer?)
+    (floatp? float?)
+    (rationalp? rational?)
+    ))
 
 (define (cl-realp? x) (or (integer? x) (float? x) (rational? x)))
 
-(define cl-characterp? char?)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    (characterp? char?)
+    ))
 (define cl-stringp? (fn (x) (= (type-of x) "string")))
 (define cl-symbolp? (fn (x) (= (type-of x) "symbol")))
 (define cl-keywordp? (fn (x) (= (type-of x) "keyword")))
@@ -44,8 +50,11 @@
       (= t "native-fn")
       (= t "component"))))
 
-(define cl-vectorp? vector?)
-(define cl-arrayp? vector?)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    (vectorp? vector?)
+    (arrayp? vector?)
+    ))
 
 ;; sx_server: (rest (list x)) returns () not nil — cl-empty? handles both
 (define
@@ -56,19 +65,25 @@
 ;; 2.  Arithmetic — thin aliases to spec primitives
 ;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-(define cl-mod modulo)
-(define cl-rem remainder)
-(define cl-gcd gcd)
-(define cl-lcm lcm)
-(define cl-expt expt)
-(define cl-floor floor)
-(define cl-ceiling ceil)
-(define cl-truncate truncate)
-(define cl-round round)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    (mod modulo)
+    (rem remainder)
+    gcd
+    lcm
+    expt
+    floor
+    (ceiling ceil)
+    truncate
+    round
+    ))
 (define cl-abs (fn (x) (if (< x 0) (- 0 x) x)))
 (define cl-min (fn (a b) (if (< a b) a b)))
 (define cl-max (fn (a b) (if (> a b) a b)))
-(define cl-quotient quotient)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    quotient
+    ))
 
 (define
   (cl-signum x)
@@ -87,21 +102,27 @@
 ;; 3.  Character functions — alias spec char primitives + CL name mapping
 ;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-(define cl-char->integer char->integer)
-(define cl-integer->char integer->char)
-(define cl-char-upcase char-upcase)
-(define cl-char-downcase char-downcase)
-(define cl-char-code char->integer)
-(define cl-code-char integer->char)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    char->integer
+    integer->char
+    char-upcase
+    char-downcase
+    (char-code char->integer)
+    (code-char integer->char)
+    ))
 
-(define cl-char=? char=?)
-(define cl-char<? char<?)
-(define cl-char>? char>?)
-(define cl-char<=? char<=?)
-(define cl-char>=? char>=?)
-(define cl-char-ci=? char-ci=?)
-(define cl-char-ci<? char-ci<?)
-(define cl-char-ci>? char-ci>?)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    char=?
+    char<?
+    char>?
+    char<=?
+    char>=?
+    char-ci=?
+    char-ci<?
+    char-ci>?
+    ))
 
 ;; Inline predicates — char-alphabetic?/char-numeric? unreliable in sx_server
 (define
@@ -152,8 +173,11 @@
   (cl-format dest template &rest args)
   (let ((s (apply format (cons template args)))) (if (= dest nil) s s)))
 
-(define cl-write-to-string write-to-string)
-(define cl-princ-to-string display-to-string)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    write-to-string
+    (princ-to-string display-to-string)
+    ))
 
 ;; CL read-from-string: parse value from a string using SX port
 (define
@@ -161,18 +185,27 @@
   (let ((p (open-input-string s))) (read p)))
 
 ;; String stream (output)
-(define cl-make-string-output-stream open-output-string)
-(define cl-get-output-stream-string get-output-string)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    (make-string-output-stream open-output-string)
+    (get-output-stream-string get-output-string)
+    ))
 
 ;; String stream (input)
-(define cl-make-string-input-stream open-input-string)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    (make-string-input-stream open-input-string)
+    ))
 
 ;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ;; 5.  Gensym
 ;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-(define cl-gensym gensym)
-(define cl-gentemp gensym)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    gensym
+    (gentemp gensym)
+    ))
 
 ;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ;; 6.  Multiple values (CL: values / nth-value)
@@ -203,16 +236,19 @@
 ;; 7.  Sets (CL: adjoin / member / union / intersection / set-difference)
 ;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-(define cl-make-set make-set)
-(define cl-set? set?)
-(define cl-set-add set-add!)
-(define cl-set-memberp set-member?)
-(define cl-set-remove set-remove!)
-(define cl-set-union set-union)
-(define cl-set-intersect set-intersection)
-(define cl-set-difference set-difference)
-(define cl-list->set list->set)
-(define cl-set->list set->list)
+(prefix-rename "cl-"
+  '(
+    make-set
+    set?
+    (set-add set-add!)
+    (set-memberp set-member?)
+    (set-remove set-remove!)
+    set-union
+    (set-intersect set-intersection)
+    set-difference
+    list->set
+    set->list
+    ))
 
 ;; CL: (member item list) — returns tail starting at item, or nil
 (define

lib/common-lisp/scoreboard.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-  "generated": "2026-05-05T12:35:09Z",
+  "generated": "2026-05-06T22:55:42Z",
   "total_pass": 518,
   "total_fail": 0,
   "suites": [

lib/common-lisp/scoreboard.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Common Lisp on SX — Scoreboard
 
-_Generated: 2026-05-05 12:35 UTC_
+_Generated: 2026-05-06 22:55 UTC_
 
 | Suite | Pass | Fail | Status |
 |-------|------|------|--------|

lib/compiler.sx

@@ -1008,11 +1008,27 @@
             (let
               ((name (symbol-name head))
                 (argc (len args))
-                (name-idx (pool-add (get em "pool") name)))
+                (specialized-op (cond
+                  (and (= argc 2) (= name "+")) 160
+                  (and (= argc 2) (= name "-")) 161
+                  (and (= argc 2) (= name "*")) 162
+                  (and (= argc 2) (= name "/")) 163
+                  (and (= argc 2) (= name "=")) 164
+                  (and (= argc 2) (= name "<")) 165
+                  (and (= argc 2) (= name ">")) 166
+                  (and (= argc 2) (= name "cons")) 172
+                  (and (= argc 1) (= name "not")) 167
+                  (and (= argc 1) (= name "len")) 168
+                  (and (= argc 1) (= name "first")) 169
+                  (and (= argc 1) (= name "rest")) 170
+                  :else nil)))
               (for-each (fn (a) (compile-expr em a scope false)) args)
-              (emit-op em 52)
-              (emit-u16 em name-idx)
-              (emit-byte em argc))
+              (if specialized-op
+                (emit-op em specialized-op)
+                (let ((name-idx (pool-add (get em "pool") name)))
+                  (emit-op em 52)
+                  (emit-u16 em name-idx)
+                  (emit-byte em argc))))
             (do
               (compile-expr em head scope false)
               (for-each (fn (a) (compile-expr em a scope false)) args)

lib/erlang/conformance.sh

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ cat > "$TMPFILE" << 'EPOCHS'
 (eval "(list er-fib-test-pass er-fib-test-count)")
 EPOCHS
 
-timeout 120 "$SX_SERVER" < "$TMPFILE" > "$OUTFILE" 2>&1
+timeout 600 "$SX_SERVER" < "$TMPFILE" > "$OUTFILE" 2>&1
 
 # Parse "(N M)" from the line after each "(ok-len <epoch> ...)" marker.
 parse_pair() {

lib/guest/ast.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+;; lib/guest/ast.sx — canonical AST node shapes.
+;;
+;; A guest's parser may emit its own AST in whatever shape is convenient
+;; for that language's evaluator/transpiler. This file gives a SHARED
+;; canonical shape that cross-language tools (formatters, highlighters,
+;; debuggers) can target without per-language adapters.
+;;
+;; Each canonical node is a tagged list: (KIND ...payload).
+;;
+;; Constructors (return a canonical node):
+;;
+;;   (ast-literal       VALUE)               — number / string / bool / nil
+;;   (ast-var           NAME)                — identifier reference
+;;   (ast-app           FN ARGS)             — function application
+;;   (ast-lambda        PARAMS BODY)         — anonymous function
+;;   (ast-let           BINDINGS BODY)       — local bindings
+;;   (ast-letrec        BINDINGS BODY)       — recursive local bindings
+;;   (ast-if            TEST THEN ELSE)      — conditional
+;;   (ast-match-clause  PATTERN BODY)        — one match arm
+;;   (ast-module        NAME BODY)           — module declaration
+;;   (ast-import        NAME)                — import directive
+;;
+;; Predicates: (ast-literal? X), (ast-var? X), …
+;; Generic:    (ast? X)         — any canonical node
+;;             (ast-kind X)     — :literal / :var / :app / …
+;;
+;; Accessors  (one per payload field):
+;;   (ast-literal-value N)
+;;   (ast-var-name N)
+;;   (ast-app-fn N)             (ast-app-args N)
+;;   (ast-lambda-params N)      (ast-lambda-body N)
+;;   (ast-let-bindings N)       (ast-let-body N)
+;;   (ast-letrec-bindings N)    (ast-letrec-body N)
+;;   (ast-if-test N)            (ast-if-then N)         (ast-if-else N)
+;;   (ast-match-clause-pattern N)
+;;   (ast-match-clause-body N)
+;;   (ast-module-name N)        (ast-module-body N)
+;;   (ast-import-name N)
+
+(define ast-literal      (fn (v)         (list :literal v)))
+(define ast-var          (fn (n)         (list :var n)))
+(define ast-app          (fn (f args)    (list :app f args)))
+(define ast-lambda       (fn (ps body)   (list :lambda ps body)))
+(define ast-let          (fn (bs body)   (list :let bs body)))
+(define ast-letrec       (fn (bs body)   (list :letrec bs body)))
+(define ast-if           (fn (t th el)   (list :if t th el)))
+(define ast-match-clause (fn (p body)    (list :match-clause p body)))
+(define ast-module       (fn (n body)    (list :module n body)))
+(define ast-import       (fn (n)         (list :import n)))
+
+(define ast-kind (fn (x) (if (and (list? x) (not (empty? x))) (first x) nil)))
+
+(define
+  ast?
+  (fn (x)
+    (and (list? x)
+         (not (empty? x))
+         (let ((k (first x)))
+           (or (= k :literal) (= k :var) (= k :app)
+               (= k :lambda)  (= k :let) (= k :letrec)
+               (= k :if)      (= k :match-clause)
+               (= k :module)  (= k :import))))))
+
+(define ast-literal?      (fn (x) (and (ast? x) (= (first x) :literal))))
+(define ast-var?          (fn (x) (and (ast? x) (= (first x) :var))))
+(define ast-app?          (fn (x) (and (ast? x) (= (first x) :app))))
+(define ast-lambda?       (fn (x) (and (ast? x) (= (first x) :lambda))))
+(define ast-let?          (fn (x) (and (ast? x) (= (first x) :let))))
+(define ast-letrec?       (fn (x) (and (ast? x) (= (first x) :letrec))))
+(define ast-if?           (fn (x) (and (ast? x) (= (first x) :if))))
+(define ast-match-clause? (fn (x) (and (ast? x) (= (first x) :match-clause))))
+(define ast-module?       (fn (x) (and (ast? x) (= (first x) :module))))
+(define ast-import?       (fn (x) (and (ast? x) (= (first x) :import))))
+
+(define ast-literal-value (fn (n) (nth n 1)))
+(define ast-var-name      (fn (n) (nth n 1)))
+(define ast-app-fn        (fn (n) (nth n 1)))
+(define ast-app-args      (fn (n) (nth n 2)))
+(define ast-lambda-params (fn (n) (nth n 1)))
+(define ast-lambda-body   (fn (n) (nth n 2)))
+(define ast-let-bindings  (fn (n) (nth n 1)))
+(define ast-let-body      (fn (n) (nth n 2)))
+(define ast-letrec-bindings (fn (n) (nth n 1)))
+(define ast-letrec-body     (fn (n) (nth n 2)))
+(define ast-if-test       (fn (n) (nth n 1)))
+(define ast-if-then       (fn (n) (nth n 2)))
+(define ast-if-else       (fn (n) (nth n 3)))
+(define ast-match-clause-pattern (fn (n) (nth n 1)))
+(define ast-match-clause-body    (fn (n) (nth n 2)))
+(define ast-module-name   (fn (n) (nth n 1)))
+(define ast-module-body   (fn (n) (nth n 2)))
+(define ast-import-name   (fn (n) (nth n 1)))

lib/guest/baseline/apl.json

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "lang": "apl",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:01:00Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/apl/test.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 73,
+    "fail": 0,
+    "total": 73
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "all",
+      "pass": 73,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 73
+    }
+  ]
+}

lib/guest/baseline/common-lisp.json

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+{
+  "lang": "common-lisp",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:59:46Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/common-lisp/conformance.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 518,
+    "fail": 0,
+    "total": 518
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 1: tokenizer/reader",
+      "pass": 79,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 79
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 1: parser/lambda-lists",
+      "pass": 31,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 31
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 2: evaluator",
+      "pass": 182,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 182
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 3: condition system",
+      "pass": 59,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 59
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 3: restart-demo",
+      "pass": 7,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 7
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 3: parse-recover",
+      "pass": 6,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 3: interactive-debugger",
+      "pass": 7,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 7
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 4: CLOS",
+      "pass": 41,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 41
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 4: geometry",
+      "pass": 12,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 12
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 4: mop-trace",
+      "pass": 13,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 13
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 5: macros+LOOP",
+      "pass": 27,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 27
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Phase 6: stdlib",
+      "pass": 54,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 54
+    }
+  ],
+  "source_scoreboard": "lib/common-lisp/scoreboard.json",
+  "note": "Step 2: previous baseline (309) was lower because Phase 2 (evaluator, +182 tests) and Phase 6 (stdlib, +27 tests) results were under-counted by the original conformance.sh's parser. Re-running with prefix.sx loaded reveals true counts. No tests regressed."
+}

lib/guest/baseline/erlang.json

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+{
+  "lang": "erlang",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:01:00Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/erlang/conformance.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 0,
+    "fail": 0,
+    "total": 0
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "tokenize",
+      "pass": 0,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "parse",
+      "pass": 0,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "eval",
+      "pass": 0,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "runtime",
+      "pass": 0,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "ring",
+      "pass": 0,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "ping-pong",
+      "pass": 0,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "bank",
+      "pass": 0,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "echo",
+      "pass": 0,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 0
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "fib",
+      "pass": 0,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 0
+    }
+  ],
+  "source_scoreboard": "lib/erlang/scoreboard.json"
+}

lib/guest/baseline/forth.json

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "lang": "forth",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:01:00Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/forth/test.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 64,
+    "fail": 0,
+    "total": 64
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "all",
+      "pass": 64,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 64
+    }
+  ]
+}

lib/guest/baseline/haskell.json

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+{
+  "lang": "haskell",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:46:16Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/haskell/conformance.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 156,
+    "fail": 0,
+    "total": 156
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "fib",
+      "pass": 2,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "sieve",
+      "pass": 2,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "quicksort",
+      "pass": 5,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 5
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "nqueens",
+      "pass": 2,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "calculator",
+      "pass": 5,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 5
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "collatz",
+      "pass": 11,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 11
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "palindrome",
+      "pass": 8,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 8
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "maybe",
+      "pass": 12,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 12
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "fizzbuzz",
+      "pass": 12,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 12
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "anagram",
+      "pass": 9,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 9
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "roman",
+      "pass": 14,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 14
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "binary",
+      "pass": 12,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 12
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "either",
+      "pass": 12,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 12
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "primes",
+      "pass": 12,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 12
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "zipwith",
+      "pass": 9,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 9
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "matrix",
+      "pass": 8,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 8
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "wordcount",
+      "pass": 7,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 7
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "powers",
+      "pass": 14,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 14
+    }
+  ],
+  "source_scoreboard": "lib/haskell/scoreboard.json",
+  "note": "Step 1: previous baseline (0/18) was an artefact of the old conformance.sh bug \u2014 its (ok-len 3 ...) grep never matched, defaulting every program to 0 pass / 1 fail. Shared driver in Step 1 reads counters correctly."
+}

lib/guest/baseline/js.json

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+{
+  "lang": "js",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:01:00Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/js/conformance.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 94,
+    "fail": 54,
+    "total": 148
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "test262-slice",
+      "pass": 94,
+      "fail": 54,
+      "total": 148,
+      "failing_tests": [
+        "arithmetic/bitnot",
+        "arithmetic/mixed_concat",
+        "async/await_promise_all",
+        "closures/sum_sq",
+        "coercion/implicit_str_add",
+        "collections/array_index",
+        "collections/array_nested",
+        "collections/string_index",
+        "functions/rest_param",
+        "loops/for_break",
+        "loops/for_continue",
+        "loops/nested_for",
+        "loops/while_basic",
+        "loops/while_break_infinite",
+        "objects/array_filter_reduce",
+        "objects/array_map",
+        "objects/array_method_chain",
+        "objects/array_mutate",
+        "objects/array_push_length",
+        "objects/arrow_lexical_this",
+        "objects/class_basic",
+        "objects/class_extend_chain",
+        "objects/class_inherit",
+        "objects/counter_closure",
+        "objects/in_operator",
+        "objects/instanceof",
+        "objects/method_this",
+        "objects/new_constructor",
+        "objects/object_mutate",
+        "objects/prototype_chain",
+        "objects/string_method",
+        "objects/string_slice",
+        "promises/executor_throws",
+        "promises/finally_passthrough",
+        "promises/microtask_ordering",
+        "promises/new_promise_reject",
+        "promises/new_promise_resolve",
+        "promises/promise_all",
+        "promises/promise_all_empty",
+        "promises/promise_all_nonpromise",
+        "promises/promise_all_reject",
+        "promises/promise_race",
+        "promises/promise_resolve_already_promise",
+        "promises/reject_catch",
+        "promises/resolve_adopts",
+        "promises/resolve_then",
+        "promises/then_chain",
+        "promises/then_throw_catch",
+        "statements/block_scope",
+        "statements/const_multi",
+        "statements/if_else_false",
+        "statements/if_else_true",
+        "statements/let_init",
+        "statements/var_decl"
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "source_scoreboard": "lib/js/conformance.sh-output"
+}

lib/guest/baseline/lua.json

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "lang": "lua",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:01:00Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/lua/test.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 185,
+    "fail": 0,
+    "total": 185
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "all",
+      "pass": 185,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 185
+    }
+  ]
+}

lib/guest/baseline/prolog.json

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+{
+  "lang": "prolog",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:01:00Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/prolog/conformance.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 590,
+    "fail": 0,
+    "total": 590
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "parse",
+      "pass": 25,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 25
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "unify",
+      "pass": 47,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 47
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "clausedb",
+      "pass": 14,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 14
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "solve",
+      "pass": 62,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 62
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "operators",
+      "pass": 19,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 19
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "dynamic",
+      "pass": 11,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 11
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "findall",
+      "pass": 11,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 11
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "term_inspect",
+      "pass": 14,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 14
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "append",
+      "pass": 6,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "reverse",
+      "pass": 6,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "member",
+      "pass": 7,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 7
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "nqueens",
+      "pass": 6,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 6
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "family",
+      "pass": 10,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 10
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "atoms",
+      "pass": 34,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 34
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "query_api",
+      "pass": 16,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 16
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "iso_predicates",
+      "pass": 29,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 29
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "meta_predicates",
+      "pass": 25,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 25
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "list_predicates",
+      "pass": 33,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 33
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "meta_call",
+      "pass": 15,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 15
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "set_predicates",
+      "pass": 15,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 15
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "char_predicates",
+      "pass": 27,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 27
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "io_predicates",
+      "pass": 24,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 24
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "assert_rules",
+      "pass": 15,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 15
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "string_agg",
+      "pass": 25,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 25
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "advanced",
+      "pass": 21,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 21
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "compiler",
+      "pass": 17,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 17
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "cross_validate",
+      "pass": 17,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 17
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "integration",
+      "pass": 20,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 20
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "hs_bridge",
+      "pass": 19,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 19
+    }
+  ],
+  "source_scoreboard": "lib/prolog/scoreboard.json"
+}

lib/guest/baseline/ruby.json

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+{
+  "lang": "ruby",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:01:00Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/ruby/test.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 76,
+    "fail": 0,
+    "total": 76
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "all",
+      "pass": 76,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 76
+    }
+  ]
+}

lib/guest/baseline/smalltalk.json

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+  "lang": "smalltalk",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:01:00Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/smalltalk/conformance.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 625,
+    "fail": 4,
+    "total": 629
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "all",
+      "pass": 625,
+      "fail": 4,
+      "total": 629
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "classic-corpus",
+      "pass": 4,
+      "fail": 1,
+      "total": 5
+    }
+  ],
+  "source_scoreboard": "lib/smalltalk/scoreboard.json"
+}

lib/guest/baseline/tcl.json

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "lang": "tcl",
+  "captured": "2026-05-06T22:01:00Z",
+  "suite_command": "bash lib/tcl/conformance.sh",
+  "totals": {
+    "pass": 3,
+    "fail": 1,
+    "total": 4
+  },
+  "suites": [
+    {
+      "name": "assert",
+      "pass": 1,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "event-loop",
+      "pass": 0,
+      "fail": 1,
+      "total": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "for-each-line",
+      "pass": 1,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 1
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "with-temp-var",
+      "pass": 1,
+      "fail": 0,
+      "total": 1
+    }
+  ],
+  "source_scoreboard": "lib/tcl/scoreboard.json"
+}

lib/guest/conformance.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+# lib/guest/conformance.sh — shared, config-driven conformance driver.
+#
+# Usage:
+#   bash lib/guest/conformance.sh <conf-file>
+#
+# The conf file is a bash file that sets:
+#   LANG_NAME           e.g. prolog
+#   PRELOADS=( ... )    .sx files to load before any suite (path from repo root)
+#   SUITES=( ... )      colon-separated entries; format depends on MODE
+#   MODE                "dict" or "counters"
+#   COUNTERS_PASS       (counters mode) global symbol for the pass counter
+#   COUNTERS_FAIL       (counters mode) global symbol for the fail counter
+#   TIMEOUT_PER_SUITE   (optional, counters mode) seconds per suite, default 120
+#   SCOREBOARD_DIR      (optional) defaults to lib/$LANG_NAME
+#
+# It may override the bash functions emit_scoreboard_json / emit_scoreboard_md
+# to produce the per-language scoreboard schema. Defaults are provided.
+#
+# Suite formats:
+#   MODE=dict       — "name:test-file:(runner-fn)"
+#                     The runner expression is evaluated and is expected to
+#                     return a dict with :passed/:failed/:total.
+#   MODE=counters   — "name:test-file"
+#                     Each suite is run in a fresh sx_server session: preloads
+#                     are loaded, then the test file, then counters are read.
+#                     The suite is treated as starting from counters (0, 0).
+#
+# Output:
+#   Writes $SCOREBOARD_DIR/scoreboard.json and $SCOREBOARD_DIR/scoreboard.md.
+#   Exits 0 if every suite is green, 1 otherwise.
+
+set -uo pipefail
+cd "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
+
+if [ "$#" -lt 1 ]; then
+  echo "usage: $0 <conf-file>" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+CONF="$1"
+if [ ! -f "$CONF" ]; then
+  echo "config not found: $CONF" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+
+# Defaults — the conf file may override these.
+LANG_NAME=
+PRELOADS=()
+SUITES=()
+MODE=dict
+COUNTERS_PASS=
+COUNTERS_FAIL=
+TIMEOUT_PER_SUITE=120
+SCOREBOARD_DIR=
+
+emit_scoreboard_json() {
+  # Generic schema. Per-lang configs override this for byte-equality with
+  # historical scoreboards.
+  local n=${#GC_NAMES[@]} i sep
+  printf '{\n'
+  printf '  "lang": "%s",\n' "$LANG_NAME"
+  printf '  "total_passed": %d,\n' "$GC_TOTAL_PASS"
+  printf '  "total_failed": %d,\n' "$GC_TOTAL_FAIL"
+  printf '  "total": %d,\n' "$GC_TOTAL"
+  printf '  "suites": ['
+  for ((i=0; i<n; i++)); do
+    sep=","; [ $i -eq $((n-1)) ] && sep=""
+    printf '\n    {"name":"%s","passed":%d,"failed":%d,"total":%d}%s' \
+      "${GC_NAMES[$i]}" "${GC_PASS[$i]}" "${GC_FAIL[$i]}" "${GC_TOTAL_S[$i]}" "$sep"
+  done
+  printf '\n  ],\n'
+  printf '  "generated": "%s"\n' "$(date -Iseconds 2>/dev/null || date)"
+  printf '}\n'
+}
+
+emit_scoreboard_md() {
+  local n=${#GC_NAMES[@]} i status
+  printf '# %s scoreboard\n\n' "$LANG_NAME"
+  printf '**%d / %d passing** (%d failure(s)).\n\n' "$GC_TOTAL_PASS" "$GC_TOTAL" "$GC_TOTAL_FAIL"
+  printf '| Suite | Passed | Total | Status |\n'
+  printf '|-------|--------|-------|--------|\n'
+  for ((i=0; i<n; i++)); do
+    status="ok"; [ "${GC_FAIL[$i]}" -gt 0 ] && status="FAIL"
+    printf '| %s | %d | %d | %s |\n' \
+      "${GC_NAMES[$i]}" "${GC_PASS[$i]}" "${GC_TOTAL_S[$i]}" "$status"
+  done
+}
+
+# shellcheck disable=SC1090
+source "$CONF"
+
+if [ -z "$LANG_NAME" ]; then
+  echo "LANG_NAME not set in $CONF" >&2
+  exit 2
+fi
+SCOREBOARD_DIR="${SCOREBOARD_DIR:-lib/$LANG_NAME}"
+
+SX="${SX_SERVER:-hosts/ocaml/_build/default/bin/sx_server.exe}"
+if [ ! -x "$SX" ]; then
+  MAIN_ROOT=$(git worktree list 2>/dev/null | head -1 | awk '{print $1}')
+  if [ -n "${MAIN_ROOT:-}" ] && [ -x "$MAIN_ROOT/$SX" ]; then
+    SX="$MAIN_ROOT/$SX"
+  else
+    echo "ERROR: sx_server.exe not found (set SX_SERVER to override)." >&2
+    exit 2
+  fi
+fi
+
+GC_NAMES=()
+GC_PASS=()
+GC_FAIL=()
+GC_TOTAL_S=()
+
+parse_result_line() {
+  # Match a (gc-result "name" P F T) line.
+  local line="$1"
+  if [[ "$line" =~ ^\(gc-result\ \"([^\"]+)\"\ ([0-9]+)\ ([0-9]+)\ ([0-9]+)\)$ ]]; then
+    GC_NAMES+=("${BASH_REMATCH[1]}")
+    GC_PASS+=("${BASH_REMATCH[2]}")
+    GC_FAIL+=("${BASH_REMATCH[3]}")
+    GC_TOTAL_S+=("${BASH_REMATCH[4]}")
+    return 0
+  fi
+  return 1
+}
+
+case "$MODE" in
+  dict)
+    SCRIPT='(epoch 1)
+'
+    for f in "${PRELOADS[@]}"; do
+      SCRIPT+='(load "'"$f"'")
+'
+    done
+    SCRIPT+='(load "lib/guest/conformance.sx")
+'
+    for entry in "${SUITES[@]}"; do
+      IFS=: read -r _ file _ <<< "$entry"
+      SCRIPT+='(load "'"$file"'")
+'
+    done
+    SCRIPT+='(epoch 2)
+'
+    for entry in "${SUITES[@]}"; do
+      IFS=: read -r name _ runner <<< "$entry"
+      SCRIPT+='(eval "(gc-dict-result \"'"$name"'\" '"$runner"')")
+'
+    done
+    OUTPUT=$(printf '%s' "$SCRIPT" | "$SX" 2>&1)
+    expected=${#SUITES[@]}
+    matched=0
+    while IFS= read -r line; do
+      if parse_result_line "$line"; then
+        matched=$((matched + 1))
+      fi
+    done <<< "$OUTPUT"
+    if [ "$matched" -ne "$expected" ]; then
+      echo "Expected $expected suite results, got $matched" >&2
+      echo "---- raw output ----" >&2
+      printf '%s\n' "$OUTPUT" >&2
+      exit 3
+    fi
+    ;;
+  counters)
+    if [ -z "$COUNTERS_PASS" ] || [ -z "$COUNTERS_FAIL" ]; then
+      echo "MODE=counters requires COUNTERS_PASS and COUNTERS_FAIL in $CONF" >&2
+      exit 2
+    fi
+    for entry in "${SUITES[@]}"; do
+      IFS=: read -r name file <<< "$entry"
+      TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
+      {
+        printf '(epoch 1)\n'
+        for f in "${PRELOADS[@]}"; do printf '(load "%s")\n' "$f"; done
+        printf '(load "lib/guest/conformance.sx")\n'
+        printf '(epoch 2)\n'
+        printf '(load "%s")\n' "$file"
+        printf '(epoch 3)\n'
+        printf '(eval "(gc-counters-result \\"%s\\" 0 0 %s %s)")\n' \
+          "$name" "$COUNTERS_PASS" "$COUNTERS_FAIL"
+      } > "$TMPFILE"
+      OUTPUT=$(timeout "$TIMEOUT_PER_SUITE" "$SX" < "$TMPFILE" 2>&1 || true)
+      rm -f "$TMPFILE"
+      result=$(printf '%s\n' "$OUTPUT" | grep -E '^\(gc-result ' | tail -1 || true)
+      if [ -n "$result" ] && parse_result_line "$result"; then
+        :
+      else
+        # Suite hung or crashed before emitting a result. Record 0/1 so it
+        # shows up as a failure rather than vanishing.
+        GC_NAMES+=("$name")
+        GC_PASS+=(0)
+        GC_FAIL+=(1)
+        GC_TOTAL_S+=(1)
+      fi
+    done
+    ;;
+  *)
+    echo "Unknown MODE=$MODE in $CONF (expected dict|counters)" >&2
+    exit 2
+    ;;
+esac
+
+GC_TOTAL_PASS=0
+GC_TOTAL_FAIL=0
+GC_TOTAL=0
+for ((i=0; i<${#GC_NAMES[@]}; i++)); do
+  GC_TOTAL_PASS=$((GC_TOTAL_PASS + GC_PASS[i]))
+  GC_TOTAL_FAIL=$((GC_TOTAL_FAIL + GC_FAIL[i]))
+  GC_TOTAL=$((GC_TOTAL + GC_TOTAL_S[i]))
+done
+
+mkdir -p "$SCOREBOARD_DIR"
+emit_scoreboard_json > "$SCOREBOARD_DIR/scoreboard.json"
+emit_scoreboard_md > "$SCOREBOARD_DIR/scoreboard.md"
+
+if [ "$GC_TOTAL_FAIL" -gt 0 ]; then
+  echo "$GC_TOTAL_FAIL failure(s) across $GC_TOTAL tests" >&2
+  exit 1
+fi
+echo "All $GC_TOTAL tests pass."

lib/guest/conformance.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+;; lib/guest/conformance.sx — shared helpers for the guest conformance driver.
+;;
+;; The bash driver lib/guest/conformance.sh loads this file and then for each
+;; suite emits an (eval "...") form whose result is a tagged list:
+;;
+;;     (gc-result NAME PASSED FAILED TOTAL)
+;;
+;; The driver greps these from sx_server's output and aggregates them.
+;;
+;; Two suite shapes are supported:
+;;
+;;   :dict     — runner expression returns a dict with :passed/:failed/:total.
+;;               (gc-dict-result "parse" (pl-parse-tests-run!))
+;;
+;;   :counters — runner has no return value, mutates pass/fail global counters.
+;;               (gc-counters-result NAME P0 F0 PASS FAIL)
+;;               where P0/F0 are the counters captured BEFORE the suite ran
+;;               and PASS/FAIL are the counters AFTER.
+
+(define
+  gc-dict-result
+  (fn
+    (name r)
+    (list
+      (quote gc-result)
+      name
+      (get r :passed)
+      (get r :failed)
+      (get r :total))))
+
+(define
+  gc-counters-result
+  (fn
+    (name p0 f0 p1 f1)
+    (list
+      (quote gc-result)
+      name
+      (- p1 p0)
+      (- f1 f0)
+      (- (+ p1 f1) (+ p0 f0)))))

lib/guest/hm.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+;; lib/guest/hm.sx — Hindley-Milner type-inference foundations.
+;;
+;; Builds on lib/guest/match.sx (terms + unify) and ast.sx (canonical
+;; AST shapes). This file ships the ALGEBRA — types, schemes, free
+;; type-vars, generalize / instantiate, substitution composition — so a
+;; full Algorithm W (or J) can be assembled on top either inside this
+;; file or in a host-specific consumer (haskell/infer.sx,
+;; lib/ocaml/types.sx, …).
+;;
+;; Per the brief the second consumer for this step is OCaml-on-SX
+;; Phase 5 (paired sequencing). Until that lands, the algebra is the
+;; deliverable; the host-flavoured assembly (lambda / app / let
+;; inference rules with substitution threading) lives in the host.
+;;
+;; Types
+;; -----
+;; A type is a canonical match.sx term — type variables use mk-var,
+;; type constructors use mk-ctor:
+;;   (hm-tv NAME)              type variable
+;;   (hm-arrow A B)             A -> B
+;;   (hm-con NAME ARGS)         named n-ary constructor
+;;   (hm-int) / (hm-bool) / (hm-string)   primitive constructors
+;;
+;; Schemes
+;; -------
+;;   (hm-scheme VARS TYPE)        ∀ VARS . TYPE
+;;   (hm-monotype TYPE)           empty quantifier
+;;   (hm-scheme? S) (hm-scheme-vars S) (hm-scheme-type S)
+;;
+;; Free type variables
+;; -------------------
+;;   (hm-ftv TYPE)                names occurring in TYPE
+;;   (hm-ftv-scheme S)            free names (minus quantifiers)
+;;   (hm-ftv-env ENV)             free across an env (name -> scheme)
+;;
+;; Substitution
+;; ------------
+;;   (hm-apply SUBST TYPE)        substitute through a type
+;;   (hm-apply-scheme SUBST S)    leaves bound vars alone
+;;   (hm-apply-env SUBST ENV)
+;;   (hm-compose S2 S1)           apply S1 then S2
+;;
+;; Generalize / Instantiate
+;; ------------------------
+;;   (hm-generalize TYPE ENV)      → scheme over ftv(t) - ftv(env)
+;;   (hm-instantiate SCHEME COUNTER) → fresh-var instance
+;;   (hm-fresh-tv COUNTER)         → (:var "tN"), bumps COUNTER
+;;
+;; Inference (literal only — the rest of Algorithm W lives in the host)
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------
+;;   (hm-infer-literal EXPR)       → {:subst {} :type T}
+;;
+;; A complete Algorithm W consumes this kit by assembling lambda / app
+;; / let rules in the host language file.
+
+(define hm-tv     (fn (name) (list :var name)))
+(define hm-con    (fn (name args) (list :ctor name args)))
+(define hm-arrow  (fn (a b) (hm-con "->" (list a b))))
+(define hm-int    (fn () (hm-con "Int" (list))))
+(define hm-bool   (fn () (hm-con "Bool" (list))))
+(define hm-string (fn () (hm-con "String" (list))))
+
+(define hm-scheme        (fn (vars t) (list :scheme vars t)))
+(define hm-monotype      (fn (t) (hm-scheme (list) t)))
+(define hm-scheme?       (fn (s) (and (list? s) (not (empty? s)) (= (first s) :scheme))))
+(define hm-scheme-vars   (fn (s) (nth s 1)))
+(define hm-scheme-type   (fn (s) (nth s 2)))
+
+(define
+  hm-fresh-tv
+  (fn (counter)
+    (let ((n (first counter)))
+      (begin
+        (set-nth! counter 0 (+ n 1))
+        (hm-tv (str "t" (+ n 1)))))))
+
+(define
+  hm-ftv-acc
+  (fn (t acc)
+    (cond
+      ((is-var? t)
+        (if (some (fn (n) (= n (var-name t))) acc) acc (cons (var-name t) acc)))
+      ((is-ctor? t)
+        (let ((a acc))
+          (begin
+            (for-each (fn (x) (set! a (hm-ftv-acc x a))) (ctor-args t))
+            a)))
+      (:else acc))))
+
+(define hm-ftv (fn (t) (hm-ftv-acc t (list))))
+
+(define
+  hm-ftv-scheme
+  (fn (s)
+    (let ((qs (hm-scheme-vars s))
+          (all (hm-ftv (hm-scheme-type s))))
+      (filter (fn (n) (not (some (fn (q) (= q n)) qs))) all))))
+
+(define
+  hm-ftv-env
+  (fn (env)
+    (let ((acc (list)))
+      (begin
+        (for-each
+          (fn (k)
+            (for-each
+              (fn (n)
+                (when (not (some (fn (m) (= m n)) acc))
+                  (set! acc (cons n acc))))
+              (hm-ftv-scheme (get env k))))
+          (keys env))
+        acc))))
+
+(define hm-apply (fn (subst t) (walk* t subst)))
+
+(define
+  hm-apply-scheme
+  (fn (subst s)
+    (let ((qs (hm-scheme-vars s))
+          (d {}))
+      (begin
+        (for-each
+          (fn (k)
+            (when (not (some (fn (q) (= q k)) qs))
+              (dict-set! d k (get subst k))))
+          (keys subst))
+        (hm-scheme qs (walk* (hm-scheme-type s) d))))))
+
+(define
+  hm-apply-env
+  (fn (subst env)
+    (let ((d {}))
+      (begin
+        (for-each
+          (fn (k) (dict-set! d k (hm-apply-scheme subst (get env k))))
+          (keys env))
+        d))))
+
+(define
+  hm-compose
+  (fn (s2 s1)
+    (let ((d {}))
+      (begin
+        (for-each (fn (k) (dict-set! d k (walk* (get s1 k) s2))) (keys s1))
+        (for-each
+          (fn (k) (when (not (has-key? d k)) (dict-set! d k (get s2 k))))
+          (keys s2))
+        d))))
+
+(define
+  hm-generalize
+  (fn (t env)
+    (let ((tvars (hm-ftv t))
+          (evars (hm-ftv-env env)))
+      (let ((qs (filter (fn (n) (not (some (fn (m) (= m n)) evars))) tvars)))
+        (hm-scheme qs t)))))
+
+(define
+  hm-instantiate
+  (fn (s counter)
+    (let ((qs (hm-scheme-vars s))
+          (subst {}))
+      (begin
+        (for-each
+          (fn (q) (set! subst (assoc subst q (hm-fresh-tv counter))))
+          qs)
+        (walk* (hm-scheme-type s) subst)))))
+
+;; Literal inference — the only AST kind whose typing rule is closed
+;; in the kit. Lambda / app / let live in host code so the host's own
+;; AST conventions stay untouched.
+(define
+  hm-infer-literal
+  (fn (expr)
+    (let ((v (ast-literal-value expr)))
+      (cond
+        ((number? v)  {:subst {} :type (hm-int)})
+        ((string? v)  {:subst {} :type (hm-string)})
+        ((boolean? v) {:subst {} :type (hm-bool)})
+        (:else (error (str "hm-infer-literal: unknown kind: " v)))))))

lib/guest/layout.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+;; lib/guest/layout.sx — configurable off-side / layout-sensitive lexer.
+;;
+;; Inserts virtual open / close / separator tokens based on indentation.
+;; Configurable enough to encode either the Haskell 98 layout rule (let /
+;; where / do / of opens a virtual brace at the next token's column) or
+;; a Python-ish indent / dedent rule (a colon at the end of a line opens
+;; a block at the next non-blank line's column).
+;;
+;; Token shape (input + output)
+;; ----------------------------
+;; Each token is a dict {:type :value :line :col …}. The kit reads
+;; only :type / :value / :line / :col and passes everything else
+;; through. The input stream MUST be free of newline filler tokens
+;; (preprocess them away with your tokenizer) — line breaks are detected
+;; by comparing :line of consecutive tokens.
+;;
+;; Config
+;; ------
+;;   :open-keywords    list of strings; a token whose :value matches
+;;                     opens a new layout block at the next token's
+;;                     column (Haskell: let/where/do/of).
+;;   :open-trailing-fn (fn (tok) -> bool) — alternative trigger that
+;;                     fires AFTER the token is emitted. Use for
+;;                     Python-style trailing `:`.
+;;   :open-token / :close-token / :sep-token
+;;                     templates {:type :value} merged with :line and
+;;                     :col when virtual tokens are emitted.
+;;   :explicit-open?   (fn (tok) -> bool) — if the next token after a
+;;                     trigger satisfies this, suppress virtual layout
+;;                     for that block (Haskell: `{`).
+;;   :module-prelude?  if true, wrap whole input in an implicit block
+;;                     at the first token's column (Haskell yes,
+;;                     Python no).
+;;
+;; Public entry
+;; ------------
+;;   (layout-pass cfg tokens) -> tokens with virtual layout inserted.
+
+(define
+  layout-mk-virtual
+  (fn (template line col)
+    (assoc (assoc template :line line) :col col)))
+
+(define
+  layout-is-open-kw?
+  (fn (tok open-kws)
+    (and (= (get tok :type) "reserved")
+         (some (fn (k) (= k (get tok :value))) open-kws))))
+
+(define
+  layout-pass
+  (fn (cfg tokens)
+    (let ((open-kws (get cfg :open-keywords))
+          (trailing-fn (get cfg :open-trailing-fn))
+          (open-tmpl (get cfg :open-token))
+          (close-tmpl (get cfg :close-token))
+          (sep-tmpl (get cfg :sep-token))
+          (mod-prelude? (get cfg :module-prelude?))
+          (expl?-fn (get cfg :explicit-open?))
+          (out (list))
+          (stack (list))
+          (n (len tokens))
+          (i 0)
+          (prev-line -1)
+          (pending-open false)
+          (just-opened false))
+      (define
+        emit-closes-while-greater
+        (fn (col line)
+          (when (and (not (empty? stack)) (> (first stack) col))
+            (do
+              (append! out (layout-mk-virtual close-tmpl line col))
+              (set! stack (rest stack))
+              (emit-closes-while-greater col line)))))
+      (define
+        emit-pending-open
+        (fn (line col)
+          (do
+            (append! out (layout-mk-virtual open-tmpl line col))
+            (set! stack (cons col stack))
+            (set! pending-open false)
+            (set! just-opened true))))
+      (define
+        layout-step
+        (fn ()
+          (when (< i n)
+            (let ((tok (nth tokens i)))
+              (let ((line (get tok :line)) (col (get tok :col)))
+                (cond
+                  (pending-open
+                    (cond
+                      ((and (not (= expl?-fn nil)) (expl?-fn tok))
+                        (do
+                          (set! pending-open false)
+                          (append! out tok)
+                          (set! prev-line line)
+                          (set! i (+ i 1))
+                          (layout-step)))
+                      (:else
+                        (do
+                          (emit-pending-open line col)
+                          (layout-step)))))
+                  (:else
+                    (let ((on-fresh-line? (and (> prev-line 0) (> line prev-line))))
+                      (do
+                        (when on-fresh-line?
+                          (let ((stack-before stack))
+                            (begin
+                              (emit-closes-while-greater col line)
+                              (when (and (not (empty? stack))
+                                         (= (first stack) col)
+                                         (not just-opened)
+                                         ;; suppress separator if a dedent fired
+                                         ;; — the dedent is itself the separator
+                                         (= (len stack) (len stack-before)))
+                                (append! out (layout-mk-virtual sep-tmpl line col))))))
+                        (set! just-opened false)
+                        (append! out tok)
+                        (set! prev-line line)
+                        (set! i (+ i 1))
+                        (cond
+                          ((layout-is-open-kw? tok open-kws)
+                            (set! pending-open true))
+                          ((and (not (= trailing-fn nil)) (trailing-fn tok))
+                            (set! pending-open true)))
+                        (layout-step))))))))))
+      (begin
+        ;; Module prelude: implicit layout block at the first token's column.
+        (when (and mod-prelude? (> n 0))
+          (let ((tok (nth tokens 0)))
+            (do
+              (append! out (layout-mk-virtual open-tmpl (get tok :line) (get tok :col)))
+              (set! stack (cons (get tok :col) stack))
+              (set! just-opened true))))
+        (layout-step)
+        ;; EOF: close every remaining block.
+        (define close-rest
+          (fn ()
+            (when (not (empty? stack))
+              (do
+                (append! out (layout-mk-virtual close-tmpl 0 0))
+                (set! stack (rest stack))
+                (close-rest)))))
+        (close-rest)
+        out))))

lib/guest/lex.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+;; lib/guest/lex.sx — character-class predicates and token primitives shared
+;; across guest tokenisers.
+;;
+;; All predicates are nil-safe — they accept nil (end-of-input) and return
+;; false. This matches the convention used by the existing per-language
+;; tokenisers (cur returns nil at EOF).
+;;
+;; Char classes
+;; ------------
+;;   lex-digit?       — 0-9
+;;   lex-hex-digit?   — 0-9, a-f, A-F
+;;   lex-alpha?       — a-z, A-Z (alias: lex-letter?)
+;;   lex-alnum?       — alpha or digit
+;;   lex-ident-start? — alpha or underscore
+;;   lex-ident-char?  — ident-start or digit
+;;   lex-space?       — " ", "\t", "\r"           (no newline)
+;;   lex-whitespace?  — " ", "\t", "\r", "\n"     (includes newline)
+;;
+;; Token record
+;; ------------
+;;   (lex-make-token TYPE VALUE POS)        — {:type :value :pos}
+;;   (lex-make-token-spanning TYPE VALUE POS END)
+;;                                          — {:type :value :pos :end}
+;;   (lex-token-type TOK)
+;;   (lex-token-value TOK)
+;;   (lex-token-pos TOK)
+
+(define lex-digit? (fn (c) (and (not (= c nil)) (>= c "0") (<= c "9"))))
+
+(define
+  lex-hex-digit?
+  (fn
+    (c)
+    (and
+      (not (= c nil))
+      (or
+        (lex-digit? c)
+        (and (>= c "a") (<= c "f"))
+        (and (>= c "A") (<= c "F"))))))
+
+(define
+  lex-alpha?
+  (fn
+    (c)
+    (and
+      (not (= c nil))
+      (or (and (>= c "a") (<= c "z")) (and (>= c "A") (<= c "Z"))))))
+
+(define lex-letter? lex-alpha?)
+
+(define lex-alnum? (fn (c) (or (lex-alpha? c) (lex-digit? c))))
+
+(define lex-ident-start? (fn (c) (or (lex-alpha? c) (= c "_"))))
+
+(define lex-ident-char? (fn (c) (or (lex-ident-start? c) (lex-digit? c))))
+
+(define lex-space? (fn (c) (or (= c " ") (= c "\t") (= c "\r"))))
+
+(define lex-whitespace? (fn (c) (or (lex-space? c) (= c "\n"))))
+
+(define lex-make-token (fn (type value pos) {:pos pos :value value :type type}))
+
+(define lex-make-token-spanning (fn (type value pos end) {:pos pos :end end :value value :type type}))
+
+(define lex-token-type (fn (tok) (get tok :type)))
+(define lex-token-value (fn (tok) (get tok :value)))
+(define lex-token-pos (fn (tok) (get tok :pos)))

lib/guest/match.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+;; lib/guest/match.sx — pure pattern-match + unification kit.
+;;
+;; Shipped for miniKanren / Datalog / future logic-flavoured guests that
+;; want immutable unification without writing it from scratch. The two
+;; existing prolog/haskell engines stay as-is — porting them in place
+;; risks the 746 tests they currently pass; consumers can migrate
+;; gradually via the converters in lib/guest/ast.sx.
+;;
+;; Term shapes (canonical wire format)
+;; -----------------------------------
+;;   var          (:var NAME)            NAME a string
+;;   constructor  (:ctor HEAD ARGS)      HEAD a string, ARGS a list of terms
+;;   literal      number / string / boolean / nil
+;;
+;; Guests with their own shape pass adapter callbacks via the cfg arg —
+;; see (unify-with cfg ...) and (match-pat-with cfg ...) below. The
+;; default canonical entry points (unify / match-pat) use the wire shape.
+;;
+;; Substitution / env
+;; ------------------
+;; A substitution is a SX dict mapping VAR-NAME → term. There are no
+;; trails, no mutation: each step either returns an extended dict or nil.
+;;
+;;   (empty-subst)                  → {}
+;;   (walk term s)                  → term with top-level vars resolved
+;;   (walk* term s)                 → term with all vars resolved (recursive)
+;;   (extend name term s)           → s with NAME → term added
+;;   (occurs? name term s)          → bool
+;;
+;; Unify (symmetric, miniKanren-flavour)
+;; -------------------------------------
+;;   (unify u v s)                  → extended subst or nil
+;;   (unify-with cfg u v s)         → ditto, with adapter callbacks:
+;;                                      :var? :var-name :ctor? :ctor-head
+;;                                      :ctor-args :occurs-check?
+;;
+;; Match (asymmetric, haskell-flavour: pattern → value, vars only in pat)
+;; ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+;;   (match-pat pat val env)        → extended env or nil
+;;   (match-pat-with cfg pat val env)
+
+(define mk-var  (fn (name) (list :var name)))
+(define mk-ctor (fn (head args) (list :ctor head args)))
+
+(define is-var?    (fn (t) (and (list? t) (not (empty? t)) (= (first t) :var))))
+(define is-ctor?   (fn (t) (and (list? t) (not (empty? t)) (= (first t) :ctor))))
+(define var-name   (fn (t) (nth t 1)))
+(define ctor-head  (fn (t) (nth t 1)))
+(define ctor-args  (fn (t) (nth t 2)))
+
+(define empty-subst (fn () {}))
+
+(define
+  walk
+  (fn (t s)
+    (if (and (is-var? t) (has-key? s (var-name t)))
+      (walk (get s (var-name t)) s)
+      t)))
+
+(define
+  walk*
+  (fn (t s)
+    (let ((w (walk t s)))
+      (cond
+        ((is-ctor? w)
+          (mk-ctor (ctor-head w) (map (fn (a) (walk* a s)) (ctor-args w))))
+        (:else w)))))
+
+(define
+  extend
+  (fn (name term s)
+    (assoc s name term)))
+
+(define
+  occurs?
+  (fn (name term s)
+    (let ((w (walk term s)))
+      (cond
+        ((is-var? w) (= (var-name w) name))
+        ((is-ctor? w) (some (fn (a) (occurs? name a s)) (ctor-args w)))
+        (:else false)))))
+
+(define
+  unify-with
+  (fn (cfg u v s)
+    (let ((var?-fn (get cfg :var?))
+          (var-name-fn (get cfg :var-name))
+          (ctor?-fn (get cfg :ctor?))
+          (ctor-head-fn (get cfg :ctor-head))
+          (ctor-args-fn (get cfg :ctor-args))
+          (occurs?-on (get cfg :occurs-check?)))
+      (let ((wu (walk-with cfg u s))
+            (wv (walk-with cfg v s)))
+        (cond
+          ((and (var?-fn wu) (var?-fn wv) (= (var-name-fn wu) (var-name-fn wv))) s)
+          ((var?-fn wu)
+            (if (and occurs?-on (occurs-with cfg (var-name-fn wu) wv s))
+              nil
+              (extend (var-name-fn wu) wv s)))
+          ((var?-fn wv)
+            (if (and occurs?-on (occurs-with cfg (var-name-fn wv) wu s))
+              nil
+              (extend (var-name-fn wv) wu s)))
+          ((and (ctor?-fn wu) (ctor?-fn wv))
+            (if (= (ctor-head-fn wu) (ctor-head-fn wv))
+              (unify-list-with
+                cfg
+                (ctor-args-fn wu)
+                (ctor-args-fn wv)
+                s)
+              nil))
+          (:else (if (= wu wv) s nil)))))))
+
+(define
+  walk-with
+  (fn (cfg t s)
+    (if (and ((get cfg :var?) t) (has-key? s ((get cfg :var-name) t)))
+      (walk-with cfg (get s ((get cfg :var-name) t)) s)
+      t)))
+
+(define
+  occurs-with
+  (fn (cfg name term s)
+    (let ((w (walk-with cfg term s)))
+      (cond
+        (((get cfg :var?) w) (= ((get cfg :var-name) w) name))
+        (((get cfg :ctor?) w)
+          (some (fn (a) (occurs-with cfg name a s)) ((get cfg :ctor-args) w)))
+        (:else false)))))
+
+(define
+  unify-list-with
+  (fn (cfg xs ys s)
+    (cond
+      ((and (empty? xs) (empty? ys)) s)
+      ((or (empty? xs) (empty? ys)) nil)
+      (:else
+        (let ((s2 (unify-with cfg (first xs) (first ys) s)))
+          (if (= s2 nil)
+            nil
+            (unify-list-with cfg (rest xs) (rest ys) s2)))))))
+
+(define canonical-cfg
+  {:var? is-var? :var-name var-name
+   :ctor? is-ctor? :ctor-head ctor-head :ctor-args ctor-args
+   :occurs-check? true})
+
+(define unify (fn (u v s) (unify-with canonical-cfg u v s)))
+
+;; Asymmetric pattern match (haskell-style): only patterns may contain vars;
+;; values are concrete. On a var pattern, bind name to value.
+(define
+  match-pat-with
+  (fn (cfg pat val env)
+    (let ((var?-fn (get cfg :var?))
+          (var-name-fn (get cfg :var-name))
+          (ctor?-fn (get cfg :ctor?))
+          (ctor-head-fn (get cfg :ctor-head))
+          (ctor-args-fn (get cfg :ctor-args)))
+      (cond
+        ((var?-fn pat) (extend (var-name-fn pat) val env))
+        ((and (ctor?-fn pat) (ctor?-fn val))
+          (if (= (ctor-head-fn pat) (ctor-head-fn val))
+            (match-list-pat-with
+              cfg
+              (ctor-args-fn pat)
+              (ctor-args-fn val)
+              env)
+            nil))
+        ((ctor?-fn pat) nil)
+        (:else (if (= pat val) env nil))))))
+
+(define
+  match-list-pat-with
+  (fn (cfg pats vals env)
+    (cond
+      ((and (empty? pats) (empty? vals)) env)
+      ((or (empty? pats) (empty? vals)) nil)
+      (:else
+        (let ((env2 (match-pat-with cfg (first pats) (first vals) env)))
+          (if (= env2 nil)
+            nil
+            (match-list-pat-with cfg (rest pats) (rest vals) env2)))))))
+
+(define match-pat (fn (pat val env) (match-pat-with canonical-cfg pat val env)))

lib/guest/pratt.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+;; lib/guest/pratt.sx — operator-table format + lookup for Pratt-style
+;; precedence climbing.
+;;
+;; The climbing loop stays per-language because the two canaries use
+;; opposite conventions (Lua: higher prec = tighter; Prolog: lower prec =
+;; tighter, with xfx/xfy/yfx assoc tags). Forcing a single loop adds
+;; callback indirection that obscures more than it shares.
+;;
+;; What IS shared and gets extracted: the operator-table format and lookup.
+;; "Grammar is a dict, not hardcoded cond."
+;;
+;; Entry shape: (NAME PREC ASSOC).
+;;   NAME   — string, the operator's source token.
+;;   PREC   — integer, in the host's own convention.
+;;   ASSOC  — :left | :right | :none for languages with traditional
+;;            associativity, or "xfx" / "xfy" / "yfx" for Prolog-style.
+
+(define
+  pratt-op-lookup
+  (fn (table name)
+    (cond
+      ((empty? table) nil)
+      ((= (first (first table)) name) (first table))
+      (:else (pratt-op-lookup (rest table) name)))))
+
+(define pratt-op-name  (fn (entry) (first entry)))
+(define pratt-op-prec  (fn (entry) (nth entry 1)))
+(define pratt-op-assoc (fn (entry) (nth entry 2)))

lib/guest/prefix.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+;; lib/guest/prefix.sx — prefix-rename macro.
+;;
+;; A guest runtime often re-exports a stretch of host primitives under a
+;; language-specific prefix. The prefix-rename macro replaces the repeated
+;; (define lang-foo foo) boilerplate with a single declarative call.
+;;
+;; Two entry shapes are supported:
+;;
+;;   (prefix-rename "cl-" '(gcd lcm expt floor truncate))
+;;     ;; expands to (begin (define cl-gcd gcd)
+;;     ;;                   (define cl-lcm lcm) ...)
+;;
+;;   (prefix-rename "cl-"
+;;     '((mod modulo)
+;;       (arrayp? vector?)
+;;       (ceiling ceil)))
+;;     ;; expands to (begin (define cl-mod modulo)
+;;     ;;                   (define cl-arrayp? vector?)
+;;     ;;                   (define cl-ceiling ceil))
+;;
+;; Mixed lists are supported — bare symbols are same-name aliases, two-element
+;; lists are (alias target) pairs.
+
+(defmacro
+  prefix-rename
+  (prefix entries-q)
+  (let
+    ((entries (nth entries-q 1)))
+    (cons
+      (quote begin)
+      (map
+        (fn
+          (entry)
+          (cond
+            ((= (type-of entry) "symbol")
+              (list
+                (quote define)
+                (make-symbol (str prefix (symbol-name entry)))
+                entry))
+            ((and (list? entry) (= (len entry) 2))
+              (list
+                (quote define)
+                (make-symbol (str prefix (symbol-name (first entry))))
+                (nth entry 1)))
+            (:else (error (str "prefix-rename: invalid entry " entry)))))
+        entries))))

lib/guest/reflective/env.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+;; lib/guest/reflective/env.sx — first-class environment kit.
+;;
+;; Extracted from Kernel-on-SX (lib/kernel/eval.sx) when Tcl's
+;; uplevel/upvar machinery (lib/tcl/runtime.sx) materialised as a
+;; second consumer needing the same scope-chain semantics.
+;;
+;; Canonical wire shape
+;; --------------------
+;;   {:refl-tag :env :bindings DICT :parent ENV-OR-NIL}
+;;
+;;   - :bindings is a mutable SX dict keyed by symbol name.
+;;   - :parent is either another env or nil (root).
+;;   - Lookup walks the parent chain until a hit or nil.
+;;   - Default cfg uses dict-set! to mutate bindings in place.
+;;
+;; Consumers with their own shape (e.g., Tcl's {:level :locals :parent})
+;; pass an adapter cfg dict — same trick as lib/guest/match.sx's cfg
+;; for unification over guest-specific term shapes.
+;;
+;; Adapter cfg keys
+;; ----------------
+;;   :bindings-of  — fn (scope) → DICT
+;;   :parent-of    — fn (scope) → SCOPE-OR-NIL
+;;   :extend       — fn (scope) → SCOPE         (push a fresh child)
+;;   :bind!        — fn (scope name val) → scope (functional or mutable)
+;;   :env?         — fn (v) → bool              (predicate; cheap shape check)
+;;
+;; Public API — canonical shape, mutable, raises on miss
+;;
+;;   (refl-make-env)
+;;   (refl-extend-env PARENT)
+;;   (refl-env? V)
+;;   (refl-env-bind! ENV NAME VAL)
+;;   (refl-env-has? ENV NAME)
+;;   (refl-env-lookup ENV NAME)
+;;   (refl-env-lookup-or-nil ENV NAME)
+;;
+;; Public API — adapter-cfg, any shape
+;;
+;;   (refl-env-extend-with CFG SCOPE)
+;;   (refl-env-bind!-with  CFG SCOPE NAME VAL)
+;;   (refl-env-has?-with   CFG SCOPE NAME)
+;;   (refl-env-lookup-with CFG SCOPE NAME)
+;;   (refl-env-lookup-or-nil-with CFG SCOPE NAME)
+;;   (refl-env-find-frame-with CFG SCOPE NAME)
+;;     — returns the scope in the chain that contains NAME (or nil).
+;;       Consumers needing source-frame mutation use this.
+;;
+;;   (refl-canonical-cfg) — the default cfg, exposed so consumers
+;;                          can compare or extend it.
+
+;; ── Canonical-shape predicates and constructors ─────────────────
+
+(define refl-env? (fn (v) (and (dict? v) (= (get v :refl-tag) :env))))
+
+(define refl-make-env (fn () {:parent nil :refl-tag :env :bindings {}}))
+
+(define refl-extend-env (fn (parent) {:parent parent :refl-tag :env :bindings {}}))
+
+(define
+  refl-env-bind!
+  (fn (env name val) (dict-set! (get env :bindings) name val) env))
+
+(define
+  refl-env-has?
+  (fn
+    (env name)
+    (cond
+      ((nil? env) false)
+      ((not (refl-env? env)) false)
+      ((dict-has? (get env :bindings) name) true)
+      (:else (refl-env-has? (get env :parent) name)))))
+
+(define
+  refl-env-lookup
+  (fn
+    (env name)
+    (cond
+      ((nil? env) (error (str "refl-env-lookup: unbound symbol: " name)))
+      ((not (refl-env? env))
+        (error (str "refl-env-lookup: corrupt env: " env)))
+      ((dict-has? (get env :bindings) name) (get (get env :bindings) name))
+      (:else (refl-env-lookup (get env :parent) name)))))
+
+(define
+  refl-env-lookup-or-nil
+  (fn
+    (env name)
+    (cond
+      ((nil? env) nil)
+      ((not (refl-env? env)) nil)
+      ((dict-has? (get env :bindings) name) (get (get env :bindings) name))
+      (:else (refl-env-lookup-or-nil (get env :parent) name)))))
+
+;; ── Adapter-cfg variants — any wire shape ───────────────────────
+
+(define refl-env-extend-with (fn (cfg scope) ((get cfg :extend) scope)))
+
+(define
+  refl-env-bind!-with
+  (fn (cfg scope name val) ((get cfg :bind!) scope name val)))
+
+(define
+  refl-env-has?-with
+  (fn
+    (cfg scope name)
+    (cond
+      ((nil? scope) false)
+      ((not ((get cfg :env?) scope)) false)
+      ((dict-has? ((get cfg :bindings-of) scope) name) true)
+      (:else (refl-env-has?-with cfg ((get cfg :parent-of) scope) name)))))
+
+(define
+  refl-env-lookup-with
+  (fn
+    (cfg scope name)
+    (cond
+      ((nil? scope) (error (str "refl-env-lookup: unbound symbol: " name)))
+      ((not ((get cfg :env?) scope))
+        (error (str "refl-env-lookup: corrupt scope: " scope)))
+      ((dict-has? ((get cfg :bindings-of) scope) name)
+        (get ((get cfg :bindings-of) scope) name))
+      (:else (refl-env-lookup-with cfg ((get cfg :parent-of) scope) name)))))
+
+(define
+  refl-env-lookup-or-nil-with
+  (fn
+    (cfg scope name)
+    (cond
+      ((nil? scope) nil)
+      ((not ((get cfg :env?) scope)) nil)
+      ((dict-has? ((get cfg :bindings-of) scope) name)
+        (get ((get cfg :bindings-of) scope) name))
+      (:else
+        (refl-env-lookup-or-nil-with cfg ((get cfg :parent-of) scope) name)))))
+
+;; Returns the SCOPE in the chain that contains NAME, or nil if no
+;; scope binds it. Consumers (e.g. Smalltalk) use this to mutate the
+;; binding at its source frame rather than introducing a new shadow
+;; binding at the current frame. Pairs with `refl-env-lookup-with`
+;; for callers that need both the value and the defining scope.
+
+(define refl-env-find-frame-with
+  (fn (cfg scope name)
+    (cond
+      ((nil? scope) nil)
+      ((not ((get cfg :env?) scope)) nil)
+      ((dict-has? ((get cfg :bindings-of) scope) name) scope)
+      (:else
+        (refl-env-find-frame-with cfg ((get cfg :parent-of) scope) name)))))
+
+(define refl-env-find-frame
+  (fn (env name) (refl-env-find-frame-with refl-canonical-cfg env name)))
+
+;; ── Default canonical cfg ───────────────────────────────────────
+;; Exposed so consumers can use it explicitly, compose with it, or
+;; check adapter-correctness against the canonical implementation.
+
+(define refl-canonical-cfg {:bind! (fn (e n v) (refl-env-bind! e n v)) :parent-of (fn (e) (get e :parent)) :env? (fn (v) (refl-env? v)) :bindings-of (fn (e) (get e :bindings)) :extend (fn (e) (refl-extend-env e))})

lib/guest/tests/ast.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+;; lib/guest/tests/ast.sx — exercises every constructor / predicate /
+;; accessor in lib/guest/ast.sx so future ports have a stable contract
+;; to point at.
+
+(define gast-test-pass 0)
+(define gast-test-fail 0)
+(define gast-test-fails (list))
+
+(define
+  gast-test
+  (fn (name actual expected)
+    (if (= actual expected)
+      (set! gast-test-pass (+ gast-test-pass 1))
+      (begin
+        (set! gast-test-fail (+ gast-test-fail 1))
+        (append! gast-test-fails {:name name :expected expected :actual actual})))))
+
+;; Constructors round-trip.
+(gast-test "literal-int"    (ast-literal-value (ast-literal 42)) 42)
+(gast-test "literal-str"    (ast-literal-value (ast-literal "hi")) "hi")
+(gast-test "literal-bool"   (ast-literal-value (ast-literal true)) true)
+(gast-test "var-name"       (ast-var-name (ast-var "x")) "x")
+(gast-test "app-fn"         (ast-app-fn (ast-app (ast-var "f") (list (ast-literal 1)))) (ast-var "f"))
+(gast-test "app-args-len"   (len (ast-app-args (ast-app (ast-var "f") (list (ast-literal 1))))) 1)
+(gast-test "lambda-params"  (ast-lambda-params (ast-lambda (list "x" "y") (ast-var "x"))) (list "x" "y"))
+(gast-test "lambda-body"    (ast-lambda-body (ast-lambda (list "x") (ast-var "x"))) (ast-var "x"))
+(gast-test "let-bindings"   (len (ast-let-bindings (ast-let (list {:name "x" :value (ast-literal 1)}) (ast-var "x")))) 1)
+(gast-test "letrec-body"    (ast-letrec-body (ast-letrec (list) (ast-literal 0))) (ast-literal 0))
+(gast-test "if-test"        (ast-if-test (ast-if (ast-literal true) (ast-literal 1) (ast-literal 0))) (ast-literal true))
+(gast-test "if-then"        (ast-if-then (ast-if (ast-literal true) (ast-literal 1) (ast-literal 0))) (ast-literal 1))
+(gast-test "if-else"        (ast-if-else (ast-if (ast-literal true) (ast-literal 1) (ast-literal 0))) (ast-literal 0))
+(gast-test "match-pattern"  (ast-match-clause-pattern (ast-match-clause "P" (ast-literal 1))) "P")
+(gast-test "match-body"     (ast-match-clause-body (ast-match-clause "P" (ast-literal 1))) (ast-literal 1))
+(gast-test "module-name"    (ast-module-name (ast-module "m" (list))) "m")
+(gast-test "import-name"    (ast-import-name (ast-import "lib/foo")) "lib/foo")
+
+;; Predicates fire only on matching kinds.
+(gast-test "is-literal"     (ast-literal? (ast-literal 1)) true)
+(gast-test "not-literal"    (ast-literal? (ast-var "x")) false)
+(gast-test "is-var"         (ast-var? (ast-var "x")) true)
+(gast-test "is-app"         (ast-app? (ast-app (ast-var "f") (list))) true)
+(gast-test "is-lambda"      (ast-lambda? (ast-lambda (list) (ast-literal 0))) true)
+(gast-test "is-let"         (ast-let? (ast-let (list) (ast-literal 0))) true)
+(gast-test "is-letrec"      (ast-letrec? (ast-letrec (list) (ast-literal 0))) true)
+(gast-test "is-if"          (ast-if? (ast-if (ast-literal true) (ast-literal 1) (ast-literal 0))) true)
+(gast-test "is-match"       (ast-match-clause? (ast-match-clause "P" (ast-literal 1))) true)
+(gast-test "is-module"      (ast-module? (ast-module "m" (list))) true)
+(gast-test "is-import"      (ast-import? (ast-import "x")) true)
+
+;; ast? recognises any canonical node.
+(gast-test "ast?-literal"   (ast? (ast-literal 0)) true)
+(gast-test "ast?-foreign"   (ast? (list "lua-num" 0)) false)
+(gast-test "ast?-non-list"  (ast? 42) false)
+
+;; ast-kind dispatch.
+(gast-test "kind-literal"   (ast-kind (ast-literal 0)) :literal)
+(gast-test "kind-import"    (ast-kind (ast-import "x")) :import)
+
+(define gast-tests-run!
+  (fn ()
+    {:passed gast-test-pass
+     :failed gast-test-fail
+     :total  (+ gast-test-pass gast-test-fail)}))

lib/guest/tests/hm.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+;; lib/guest/tests/hm.sx — exercises lib/guest/hm.sx algebra.
+
+(define ghm-test-pass 0)
+(define ghm-test-fail 0)
+(define ghm-test-fails (list))
+
+(define
+  ghm-test
+  (fn (name actual expected)
+    (if (= actual expected)
+      (set! ghm-test-pass (+ ghm-test-pass 1))
+      (begin
+        (set! ghm-test-fail (+ ghm-test-fail 1))
+        (append! ghm-test-fails {:name name :expected expected :actual actual})))))
+
+;; ── Type constructors ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+(ghm-test "tv"           (hm-tv "a") (list :var "a"))
+(ghm-test "int"          (hm-int)    (list :ctor "Int" (list)))
+(ghm-test "arrow"        (ctor-head (hm-arrow (hm-int) (hm-bool))) "->")
+(ghm-test "arrow-args-len" (len (ctor-args (hm-arrow (hm-int) (hm-bool)))) 2)
+
+;; ── Schemes ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+(ghm-test "scheme-vars"  (hm-scheme-vars (hm-scheme (list "a") (hm-tv "a"))) (list "a"))
+(ghm-test "monotype-vars" (hm-scheme-vars (hm-monotype (hm-int))) (list))
+(ghm-test "scheme?-yes"  (hm-scheme? (hm-monotype (hm-int))) true)
+(ghm-test "scheme?-no"   (hm-scheme? (hm-int)) false)
+
+;; ── Fresh tyvars ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+(ghm-test "fresh-1"
+  (let ((c (list 0))) (var-name (hm-fresh-tv c))) "t1")
+(ghm-test "fresh-bumps"
+  (let ((c (list 5))) (begin (hm-fresh-tv c) (first c))) 6)
+
+;; ── Free type variables ──────────────────────────────────────────
+(ghm-test "ftv-int"      (hm-ftv (hm-int)) (list))
+(ghm-test "ftv-tv"       (hm-ftv (hm-tv "a")) (list "a"))
+(ghm-test "ftv-arrow"
+  (len (hm-ftv (hm-arrow (hm-tv "a") (hm-arrow (hm-tv "b") (hm-tv "a"))))) 2)
+(ghm-test "ftv-scheme-quantified"
+  (hm-ftv-scheme (hm-scheme (list "a") (hm-arrow (hm-tv "a") (hm-tv "b")))) (list "b"))
+(ghm-test "ftv-env"
+  (let ((env (assoc {} "f" (hm-monotype (hm-arrow (hm-tv "x") (hm-tv "y"))))))
+    (len (hm-ftv-env env))) 2)
+
+;; ── Substitution / apply / compose ───────────────────────────────
+(ghm-test "apply-tv"
+  (hm-apply (assoc {} "a" (hm-int)) (hm-tv "a")) (hm-int))
+(ghm-test "apply-arrow"
+  (ctor-head
+    (hm-apply (assoc {} "a" (hm-int))
+              (hm-arrow (hm-tv "a") (hm-tv "b")))) "->")
+(ghm-test "compose-1-then-2"
+  (var-name
+    (hm-apply
+      (hm-compose (assoc {} "b" (hm-tv "c")) (assoc {} "a" (hm-tv "b")))
+      (hm-tv "a"))) "c")
+
+;; ── Generalize / Instantiate ─────────────────────────────────────
+;;   forall a. a -> a   instantiated twice yields fresh vars each time
+(ghm-test "generalize-id"
+  (len (hm-scheme-vars (hm-generalize (hm-arrow (hm-tv "a") (hm-tv "a")) {}))) 1)
+
+(ghm-test "generalize-skips-env"
+  ;; ftv(t)={a,b}, ftv(env)={a}, qs={b}
+  (let ((env (assoc {} "x" (hm-monotype (hm-tv "a")))))
+    (len (hm-scheme-vars
+           (hm-generalize (hm-arrow (hm-tv "a") (hm-tv "b")) env)))) 1)
+
+(ghm-test "instantiate-fresh"
+  (let ((s (hm-scheme (list "a") (hm-arrow (hm-tv "a") (hm-tv "a"))))
+        (c (list 0)))
+    (let ((t1 (hm-instantiate s c)) (t2 (hm-instantiate s c)))
+      (not (= (var-name (first (ctor-args t1)))
+              (var-name (first (ctor-args t2)))))))
+  true)
+
+;; ── Inference (literal only) ─────────────────────────────────────
+(ghm-test "infer-int"
+  (ctor-head (get (hm-infer-literal (ast-literal 42)) :type)) "Int")
+(ghm-test "infer-string"
+  (ctor-head (get (hm-infer-literal (ast-literal "hi")) :type)) "String")
+(ghm-test "infer-bool"
+  (ctor-head (get (hm-infer-literal (ast-literal true)) :type)) "Bool")
+
+(define ghm-tests-run!
+  (fn ()
+    {:passed ghm-test-pass
+     :failed ghm-test-fail
+     :total  (+ ghm-test-pass ghm-test-fail)}))

lib/guest/tests/layout.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+;; lib/guest/tests/layout.sx — synthetic Python-ish off-side fixture.
+;;
+;; Exercises lib/guest/layout.sx with a config different from Haskell's
+;; (no module-prelude, layout opens via trailing `:` not via reserved
+;; keyword) to prove the kit isn't Haskell-shaped.
+
+(define glayout-test-pass 0)
+(define glayout-test-fail 0)
+(define glayout-test-fails (list))
+
+(define
+  glayout-test
+  (fn (name actual expected)
+    (if (= actual expected)
+      (set! glayout-test-pass (+ glayout-test-pass 1))
+      (begin
+        (set! glayout-test-fail (+ glayout-test-fail 1))
+        (append! glayout-test-fails {:name name :expected expected :actual actual})))))
+
+;; Convenience: build a token from {type value line col}.
+(define
+  glayout-tok
+  (fn (ty val line col)
+    {:type ty :value val :line line :col col}))
+
+;; Project a token list to ((type value) ...) for compact comparison.
+(define
+  glayout-shape
+  (fn (toks)
+    (map (fn (t) (list (get t :type) (get t :value))) toks)))
+
+;; ── Haskell-flavour: keyword opens block ─────────────────────────
+(define
+  glayout-haskell-cfg
+  {:open-keywords (list "let" "where" "do" "of")
+   :open-trailing-fn nil
+   :open-token   {:type "vlbrace" :value "{"}
+   :close-token  {:type "vrbrace" :value "}"}
+   :sep-token    {:type "vsemi"   :value ";"}
+   :module-prelude? false
+   :explicit-open? (fn (tok) (= (get tok :type) "lbrace"))})
+
+;;   do
+;;     a
+;;     b
+;;   c       ← outside the do-block
+(glayout-test "haskell-do-block"
+  (glayout-shape
+    (layout-pass
+      glayout-haskell-cfg
+      (list (glayout-tok "reserved" "do" 1 1)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "a" 2 3)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "b" 3 3)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "c" 4 1))))
+  (list (list "reserved" "do")
+        (list "vlbrace" "{")
+        (list "ident" "a")
+        (list "vsemi" ";")
+        (list "ident" "b")
+        (list "vrbrace" "}")
+        (list "ident" "c")))
+
+;; Explicit `{` after `do` suppresses virtual layout.
+(glayout-test "haskell-explicit-brace"
+  (glayout-shape
+    (layout-pass
+      glayout-haskell-cfg
+      (list (glayout-tok "reserved" "do" 1 1)
+            (glayout-tok "lbrace" "{" 1 4)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "a" 1 6)
+            (glayout-tok "rbrace" "}" 1 8))))
+  (list (list "reserved" "do")
+        (list "lbrace" "{")
+        (list "ident" "a")
+        (list "rbrace" "}")))
+
+;; Single-statement do-block on the same line.
+(glayout-test "haskell-do-inline"
+  (glayout-shape
+    (layout-pass
+      glayout-haskell-cfg
+      (list (glayout-tok "reserved" "do" 1 1)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "a" 1 4))))
+  (list (list "reserved" "do")
+        (list "vlbrace" "{")
+        (list "ident" "a")
+        (list "vrbrace" "}")))
+
+;; Module-prelude: wrap whole input in implicit layout block at first
+;; tok's column.
+(glayout-test "haskell-module-prelude"
+  (glayout-shape
+    (layout-pass
+      (assoc glayout-haskell-cfg :module-prelude? true)
+      (list (glayout-tok "ident" "x" 1 1)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "y" 2 1)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "z" 3 1))))
+  (list (list "vlbrace" "{")
+        (list "ident" "x")
+        (list "vsemi" ";")
+        (list "ident" "y")
+        (list "vsemi" ";")
+        (list "ident" "z")
+        (list "vrbrace" "}")))
+
+;; ── Python-flavour: trailing `:` opens block ─────────────────────
+(define
+  glayout-python-cfg
+  {:open-keywords (list)
+   :open-trailing-fn (fn (tok) (and (= (get tok :type) "punct")
+                                    (= (get tok :value) ":")))
+   :open-token   {:type "indent" :value "INDENT"}
+   :close-token  {:type "dedent" :value "DEDENT"}
+   :sep-token    {:type "newline" :value "NEWLINE"}
+   :module-prelude? false
+   :explicit-open? nil})
+
+;;   if x:
+;;       a
+;;       b
+;;   c
+(glayout-test "python-if-block"
+  (glayout-shape
+    (layout-pass
+      glayout-python-cfg
+      (list (glayout-tok "reserved" "if" 1 1)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "x" 1 4)
+            (glayout-tok "punct" ":" 1 5)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "a" 2 5)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "b" 3 5)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "c" 4 1))))
+  (list (list "reserved" "if")
+        (list "ident" "x")
+        (list "punct" ":")
+        (list "indent" "INDENT")
+        (list "ident" "a")
+        (list "newline" "NEWLINE")
+        (list "ident" "b")
+        (list "dedent" "DEDENT")
+        (list "ident" "c")))
+
+;; Nested Python-style blocks.
+;;   def f():
+;;       if x:
+;;           a
+;;       b
+(glayout-test "python-nested"
+  (glayout-shape
+    (layout-pass
+      glayout-python-cfg
+      (list (glayout-tok "reserved" "def" 1 1)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "f" 1 5)
+            (glayout-tok "punct" "(" 1 6)
+            (glayout-tok "punct" ")" 1 7)
+            (glayout-tok "punct" ":" 1 8)
+            (glayout-tok "reserved" "if" 2 5)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "x" 2 8)
+            (glayout-tok "punct" ":" 2 9)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "a" 3 9)
+            (glayout-tok "ident" "b" 4 5))))
+  (list (list "reserved" "def")
+        (list "ident" "f")
+        (list "punct" "(")
+        (list "punct" ")")
+        (list "punct" ":")
+        (list "indent" "INDENT")
+        (list "reserved" "if")
+        (list "ident" "x")
+        (list "punct" ":")
+        (list "indent" "INDENT")
+        (list "ident" "a")
+        (list "dedent" "DEDENT")
+        (list "ident" "b")
+        (list "dedent" "DEDENT")))
+
+(define glayout-tests-run!
+  (fn ()
+    {:passed glayout-test-pass
+     :failed glayout-test-fail
+     :total  (+ glayout-test-pass glayout-test-fail)}))

lib/guest/tests/match.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+;; lib/guest/tests/match.sx — exercises lib/guest/match.sx.
+
+(define gmatch-test-pass 0)
+(define gmatch-test-fail 0)
+(define gmatch-test-fails (list))
+
+(define
+  gmatch-test
+  (fn (name actual expected)
+    (if (= actual expected)
+      (set! gmatch-test-pass (+ gmatch-test-pass 1))
+      (begin
+        (set! gmatch-test-fail (+ gmatch-test-fail 1))
+        (append! gmatch-test-fails {:name name :expected expected :actual actual})))))
+
+;; ── walk / extend / occurs ────────────────────────────────────────
+(gmatch-test "walk-direct"
+  (walk (mk-var "x") (extend "x" 5 (empty-subst))) 5)
+
+(gmatch-test "walk-chain"
+  (walk (mk-var "a") (extend "a" (mk-var "b") (extend "b" 7 (empty-subst)))) 7)
+
+(gmatch-test "walk-no-binding"
+  (let ((v (mk-var "u"))) (= (walk v (empty-subst)) v)) true)
+
+(gmatch-test "walk*-recursive"
+  (walk* (mk-ctor "Just" (list (mk-var "x"))) (extend "x" 9 (empty-subst)))
+  (mk-ctor "Just" (list 9)))
+
+(gmatch-test "occurs-direct"
+  (occurs? "x" (mk-var "x") (empty-subst)) true)
+
+(gmatch-test "occurs-nested"
+  (occurs? "x" (mk-ctor "f" (list (mk-var "x"))) (empty-subst)) true)
+
+(gmatch-test "occurs-not"
+  (occurs? "x" (mk-var "y") (empty-subst)) false)
+
+;; ── unify (symmetric) ─────────────────────────────────────────────
+(gmatch-test "unify-equal-literals"
+  (len (unify 5 5 (empty-subst))) 0)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-different-literals"
+  (unify 5 6 (empty-subst)) nil)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-var-literal"
+  (get (unify (mk-var "x") 5 (empty-subst)) "x") 5)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-literal-var"
+  (get (unify 5 (mk-var "x") (empty-subst)) "x") 5)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-same-var"
+  (len (unify (mk-var "x") (mk-var "x") (empty-subst))) 0)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-two-vars"
+  (let ((s (unify (mk-var "x") (mk-var "y") (empty-subst))))
+    (or (= (get s "x") (mk-var "y")) (= (get s "y") (mk-var "x")))) true)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-ctor-equal"
+  (len (unify (mk-ctor "f" (list 1 2)) (mk-ctor "f" (list 1 2)) (empty-subst))) 0)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-ctor-with-var"
+  (get (unify (mk-ctor "Just" (list (mk-var "x"))) (mk-ctor "Just" (list 7)) (empty-subst)) "x") 7)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-ctor-head-mismatch"
+  (unify (mk-ctor "Just" (list 1)) (mk-ctor "Nothing" (list)) (empty-subst)) nil)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-ctor-arity-mismatch"
+  (unify (mk-ctor "f" (list 1 2)) (mk-ctor "f" (list 1)) (empty-subst)) nil)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-occurs-check"
+  (unify (mk-var "x") (mk-ctor "f" (list (mk-var "x"))) (empty-subst)) nil)
+
+(gmatch-test "unify-transitive-vars"
+  (let ((s (unify (mk-var "x") (mk-var "y") (empty-subst))))
+    (let ((s2 (unify (mk-var "y") 42 s)))
+      (walk (mk-var "x") s2))) 42)
+
+;; ── match-pat (asymmetric) ────────────────────────────────────────
+(gmatch-test "match-var-binds"
+  (get (match-pat (mk-var "x") 99 (empty-subst)) "x") 99)
+
+(gmatch-test "match-literal-equal"
+  (len (match-pat 5 5 (empty-subst))) 0)
+
+(gmatch-test "match-literal-mismatch"
+  (match-pat 5 6 (empty-subst)) nil)
+
+(gmatch-test "match-ctor-binds"
+  (get (match-pat (mk-ctor "Just" (list (mk-var "y")))
+                  (mk-ctor "Just" (list 11))
+                  (empty-subst)) "y") 11)
+
+(gmatch-test "match-ctor-head-mismatch"
+  (match-pat (mk-ctor "Just" (list (mk-var "y")))
+             (mk-ctor "Nothing" (list))
+             (empty-subst)) nil)
+
+(gmatch-test "match-ctor-arity-mismatch"
+  (match-pat (mk-ctor "f" (list (mk-var "x") (mk-var "y")))
+             (mk-ctor "f" (list 1))
+             (empty-subst)) nil)
+
+(define gmatch-tests-run!
+  (fn ()
+    {:passed gmatch-test-pass
+     :failed gmatch-test-fail
+     :total  (+ gmatch-test-pass gmatch-test-fail)}))

lib/haskell/conformance.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# Haskell-on-SX conformance config — sourced by lib/guest/conformance.sh.
+
+LANG_NAME=haskell
+MODE=counters
+COUNTERS_PASS=hk-test-pass
+COUNTERS_FAIL=hk-test-fail
+TIMEOUT_PER_SUITE=120
+
+PRELOADS=(
+  lib/haskell/tokenizer.sx
+  lib/haskell/layout.sx
+  lib/haskell/parser.sx
+  lib/haskell/desugar.sx
+  lib/haskell/runtime.sx
+  lib/haskell/match.sx
+  lib/haskell/eval.sx
+  lib/haskell/map.sx
+  lib/haskell/set.sx
+  lib/haskell/testlib.sx
+)
+
+SUITES=(
+  "fib:lib/haskell/tests/program-fib.sx"
+  "sieve:lib/haskell/tests/program-sieve.sx"
+  "quicksort:lib/haskell/tests/program-quicksort.sx"
+  "nqueens:lib/haskell/tests/program-nqueens.sx"
+  "calculator:lib/haskell/tests/program-calculator.sx"
+  "collatz:lib/haskell/tests/program-collatz.sx"
+  "palindrome:lib/haskell/tests/program-palindrome.sx"
+  "maybe:lib/haskell/tests/program-maybe.sx"
+  "fizzbuzz:lib/haskell/tests/program-fizzbuzz.sx"
+  "anagram:lib/haskell/tests/program-anagram.sx"
+  "roman:lib/haskell/tests/program-roman.sx"
+  "binary:lib/haskell/tests/program-binary.sx"
+  "either:lib/haskell/tests/program-either.sx"
+  "primes:lib/haskell/tests/program-primes.sx"
+  "zipwith:lib/haskell/tests/program-zipwith.sx"
+  "matrix:lib/haskell/tests/program-matrix.sx"
+  "wordcount:lib/haskell/tests/program-wordcount.sx"
+  "powers:lib/haskell/tests/program-powers.sx"
+  "caesar:lib/haskell/tests/program-caesar.sx"
+  "runlength-str:lib/haskell/tests/program-runlength-str.sx"
+  "showadt:lib/haskell/tests/program-showadt.sx"
+  "showio:lib/haskell/tests/program-showio.sx"
+  "partial:lib/haskell/tests/program-partial.sx"
+  "statistics:lib/haskell/tests/program-statistics.sx"
+  "newton:lib/haskell/tests/program-newton.sx"
+  "wordfreq:lib/haskell/tests/program-wordfreq.sx"
+  "mapgraph:lib/haskell/tests/program-mapgraph.sx"
+  "uniquewords:lib/haskell/tests/program-uniquewords.sx"
+  "setops:lib/haskell/tests/program-setops.sx"
+  "shapes:lib/haskell/tests/program-shapes.sx"
+  "person:lib/haskell/tests/program-person.sx"
+  "config:lib/haskell/tests/program-config.sx"
+  "counter:lib/haskell/tests/program-counter.sx"
+  "accumulate:lib/haskell/tests/program-accumulate.sx"
+  "safediv:lib/haskell/tests/program-safediv.sx"
+  "trycatch:lib/haskell/tests/program-trycatch.sx"
+)
+
+emit_scoreboard_json() {
+  local n=${#GC_NAMES[@]} i sep date_only
+  date_only=$(date '+%Y-%m-%d')
+  printf '{\n'
+  printf '  "date": "%s",\n' "$date_only"
+  printf '  "total_pass": %d,\n' "$GC_TOTAL_PASS"
+  printf '  "total_fail": %d,\n' "$GC_TOTAL_FAIL"
+  printf '  "programs": {\n'
+  for ((i=0; i<n; i++)); do
+    sep=","; [ $i -eq $((n-1)) ] && sep=""
+    printf '    "%s": {"pass": %d, "fail": %d}%s\n' \
+      "${GC_NAMES[$i]}" "${GC_PASS[$i]}" "${GC_FAIL[$i]}" "$sep"
+  done
+  printf '  }\n'
+  printf '}\n'
+}
+
+emit_scoreboard_md() {
+  local n=${#GC_NAMES[@]}
+  local i status p f t prog_pass=0 prog_total=$n date_only
+  date_only=$(date '+%Y-%m-%d')
+  for ((i=0; i<n; i++)); do
+    [ "${GC_FAIL[$i]}" -eq 0 ] && prog_pass=$((prog_pass + 1))
+  done
+  printf '# Haskell-on-SX Scoreboard\n\n'
+  printf 'Updated %s · Phase 6 (prelude extras + 18 programs)\n\n' "$date_only"
+  printf '| Program | Tests | Status |\n'
+  printf '|---------|-------|--------|\n'
+  for ((i=0; i<n; i++)); do
+    p=${GC_PASS[$i]}; f=${GC_FAIL[$i]}; t=${GC_TOTAL_S[$i]}
+    [ "$f" -eq 0 ] && status="✓" || status="✗"
+    printf '| %s.hs | %d/%d | %s |\n' "${GC_NAMES[$i]}" "$p" "$t" "$status"
+  done
+  printf '| **Total** | **%d/%d** | **%d/%d programs** |\n' \
+    "$GC_TOTAL_PASS" "$GC_TOTAL" "$prog_pass" "$prog_total"
+}

lib/haskell/conformance.sh

@@ -1,140 +1,3 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
-# lib/haskell/conformance.sh — run the classic-program test suites.
-# Writes lib/haskell/scoreboard.json and lib/haskell/scoreboard.md.
-#
-# Usage:
-#   bash lib/haskell/conformance.sh           # run + write scoreboards
-#   bash lib/haskell/conformance.sh --check   # run only, exit 1 on failure
-
-set -euo pipefail
-cd "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
-
-SX_SERVER="hosts/ocaml/_build/default/bin/sx_server.exe"
-if [ ! -x "$SX_SERVER" ]; then
-  MAIN_ROOT=$(git worktree list | head -1 | awk '{print $1}')
-  if [ -x "$MAIN_ROOT/$SX_SERVER" ]; then
-    SX_SERVER="$MAIN_ROOT/$SX_SERVER"
-  else
-    echo "ERROR: sx_server.exe not found. Run: cd hosts/ocaml && dune build"
-    exit 1
-  fi
-fi
-
-PROGRAMS=(fib sieve quicksort nqueens calculator collatz palindrome maybe fizzbuzz anagram roman binary either primes zipwith matrix wordcount powers)
-PASS_COUNTS=()
-FAIL_COUNTS=()
-
-run_suite() {
-  local prog="$1"
-  local FILE="lib/haskell/tests/program-${prog}.sx"
-  local TMPFILE
-  TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
-  cat > "$TMPFILE" <<EPOCHS
-(epoch 1)
-(load "lib/haskell/tokenizer.sx")
-(load "lib/haskell/layout.sx")
-(load "lib/haskell/parser.sx")
-(load "lib/haskell/desugar.sx")
-(load "lib/haskell/runtime.sx")
-(load "lib/haskell/match.sx")
-(load "lib/haskell/eval.sx")
-(load "lib/haskell/testlib.sx")
-(epoch 2)
-(load "$FILE")
-(epoch 3)
-(eval "(list hk-test-pass hk-test-fail)")
-EPOCHS
-  local OUTPUT
-  OUTPUT=$(timeout 120 "$SX_SERVER" < "$TMPFILE" 2>&1 || true)
-  rm -f "$TMPFILE"
-
-  local LINE
-  LINE=$(echo "$OUTPUT" | awk '/^\(ok-len 3 / {getline; print; exit}')
-  if [ -z "$LINE" ]; then
-    LINE=$(echo "$OUTPUT" | grep -E '^\(ok 3 \([0-9]+ [0-9]+\)\)' | tail -1 \
-           | sed -E 's/^\(ok 3 //; s/\)$//' || true)
-  fi
-  if [ -z "$LINE" ]; then
-    echo "0 1"
-  else
-    local P F
-    P=$(echo "$LINE" | sed -E 's/^\(([0-9]+) ([0-9]+)\).*/\1/' || echo "0")
-    F=$(echo "$LINE" | sed -E 's/^\(([0-9]+) ([0-9]+)\).*/\2/' || echo "1")
-    echo "$P $F"
-  fi
-}
-
-for prog in "${PROGRAMS[@]}"; do
-  RESULT=$(run_suite "$prog")
-  P=$(echo "$RESULT" | cut -d' ' -f1)
-  F=$(echo "$RESULT" | cut -d' ' -f2)
-  PASS_COUNTS+=("$P")
-  FAIL_COUNTS+=("$F")
-  T=$((P + F))
-  if [ "$F" -eq 0 ]; then
-    printf '✓ %-14s  %d/%d\n' "${prog}.hs" "$P" "$T"
-  else
-    printf '✗ %-14s  %d/%d\n' "${prog}.hs" "$P" "$T"
-  fi
-done
-
-TOTAL_PASS=0
-TOTAL_FAIL=0
-PROG_PASS=0
-for i in "${!PROGRAMS[@]}"; do
-  TOTAL_PASS=$((TOTAL_PASS + PASS_COUNTS[i]))
-  TOTAL_FAIL=$((TOTAL_FAIL + FAIL_COUNTS[i]))
-  [ "${FAIL_COUNTS[$i]}" -eq 0 ] && PROG_PASS=$((PROG_PASS + 1))
-done
-PROG_TOTAL=${#PROGRAMS[@]}
-
-echo ""
-echo "Classic programs: ${TOTAL_PASS}/$((TOTAL_PASS + TOTAL_FAIL)) tests  |  ${PROG_PASS}/${PROG_TOTAL} programs passing"
-
-if [[ "${1:-}" == "--check" ]]; then
-  [ $TOTAL_FAIL -eq 0 ]
-  exit $?
-fi
-
-DATE=$(date '+%Y-%m-%d')
-
-# scoreboard.json
-{
-  printf '{\n'
-  printf '  "date": "%s",\n' "$DATE"
-  printf '  "total_pass": %d,\n' "$TOTAL_PASS"
-  printf '  "total_fail": %d,\n' "$TOTAL_FAIL"
-  printf '  "programs": {\n'
-  last=$((${#PROGRAMS[@]} - 1))
-  for i in "${!PROGRAMS[@]}"; do
-    prog="${PROGRAMS[$i]}"
-    if [ $i -lt $last ]; then
-      printf '    "%s": {"pass": %d, "fail": %d},\n' "$prog" "${PASS_COUNTS[$i]}" "${FAIL_COUNTS[$i]}"
-    else
-      printf '    "%s": {"pass": %d, "fail": %d}\n'  "$prog" "${PASS_COUNTS[$i]}" "${FAIL_COUNTS[$i]}"
-    fi
-  done
-  printf '  }\n'
-  printf '}\n'
-} > lib/haskell/scoreboard.json
-
-# scoreboard.md
-{
-  printf '# Haskell-on-SX Scoreboard\n\n'
-  printf 'Updated %s · Phase 6 (prelude extras + 18 programs)\n\n' "$DATE"
-  printf '| Program | Tests | Status |\n'
-  printf '|---------|-------|--------|\n'
-  for i in "${!PROGRAMS[@]}"; do
-    prog="${PROGRAMS[$i]}"
-    P=${PASS_COUNTS[$i]}
-    F=${FAIL_COUNTS[$i]}
-    T=$((P + F))
-    [ "$F" -eq 0 ] && STATUS="✓" || STATUS="✗"
-    printf '| %s | %d/%d | %s |\n' "${prog}.hs" "$P" "$T" "$STATUS"
-  done
-  printf '| **Total** | **%d/%d** | **%d/%d programs** |\n' \
-    "$TOTAL_PASS" "$((TOTAL_PASS + TOTAL_FAIL))" "$PROG_PASS" "$PROG_TOTAL"
-} > lib/haskell/scoreboard.md
-
-echo "Wrote lib/haskell/scoreboard.json and lib/haskell/scoreboard.md"
-[ $TOTAL_FAIL -eq 0 ]
+# Thin wrapper — see lib/guest/conformance.sh and lib/haskell/conformance.conf.
+exec bash "$(dirname "$0")/../guest/conformance.sh" "$(dirname "$0")/conformance.conf" "$@"

lib/haskell/desugar.sx

@@ -131,119 +131,280 @@
         (let
           ((tag (first node)))
           (cond
-            ;; Transformations
             ((= tag "where")
               (list
-                :let
-                (map hk-desugar (nth node 2))
+                :let (map hk-desugar (nth node 2))
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 1))))
             ((= tag "guarded") (hk-guards-to-if (nth node 1)))
             ((= tag "list-comp")
-              (hk-lc-desugar
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
-                (nth node 2)))
-
-            ;; Expression nodes
+              (hk-lc-desugar (hk-desugar (nth node 1)) (nth node 2)))
             ((= tag "app")
               (list
-                :app
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
+                :app (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
+            ((= tag "p-rec")
+              (let
+                ((cname (nth node 1))
+                  (field-pats (nth node 2))
+                  (field-order (hk-record-field-names cname)))
+                (cond
+                  ((nil? field-order)
+                    (raise (str "p-rec: no record info for " cname)))
+                  (:else
+                    (list
+                      :p-con
+                      cname
+                      (map
+                        (fn
+                          (fname)
+                          (let
+                            ((p (hk-find-rec-pair field-pats fname)))
+                            (cond
+                              ((nil? p) (list :p-wild))
+                              (:else (hk-desugar (nth p 1))))))
+                        field-order))))))
+            ((= tag "rec-update")
+              (list
+                :rec-update
+                (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
+                (map
+                  (fn (p) (list (first p) (hk-desugar (nth p 1))))
+                  (nth node 2))))
+            ((= tag "rec-create")
+              (let
+                ((cname (nth node 1))
+                  (field-pairs (nth node 2))
+                  (field-order (hk-record-field-names cname)))
+                (cond
+                  ((nil? field-order)
+                    (raise (str "rec-create: no record info for " cname)))
+                  (:else
+                    (let
+                      ((acc (list :con cname)))
+                      (begin
+                        (for-each
+                          (fn
+                            (fname)
+                            (let
+                              ((pair
+                                  (hk-find-rec-pair field-pairs fname)))
+                              (cond
+                                ((nil? pair)
+                                  (raise
+                                    (str
+                                      "rec-create: missing field "
+                                      fname
+                                      " for "
+                                      cname)))
+                                (:else
+                                  (set!
+                                    acc
+                                    (list
+                                      :app
+                                      acc
+                                      (hk-desugar (nth pair 1))))))))
+                          field-order)
+                        acc))))))
             ((= tag "op")
               (list
-                :op
-                (nth node 1)
+                :op (nth node 1)
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 2))
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 3))))
             ((= tag "neg") (list :neg (hk-desugar (nth node 1))))
             ((= tag "if")
               (list
-                :if
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
+                :if (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 2))
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 3))))
-            ((= tag "tuple")
-              (list :tuple (map hk-desugar (nth node 1))))
-            ((= tag "list")
-              (list :list (map hk-desugar (nth node 1))))
+            ((= tag "tuple") (list :tuple (map hk-desugar (nth node 1))))
+            ((= tag "list") (list :list (map hk-desugar (nth node 1))))
             ((= tag "range")
               (list
-                :range
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
+                :range (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
             ((= tag "range-step")
               (list
-                :range-step
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
+                :range-step (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 2))
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 3))))
             ((= tag "lambda")
-              (list
-                :lambda
-                (nth node 1)
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
+              (list :lambda (nth node 1) (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
             ((= tag "let")
               (list
-                :let
-                (map hk-desugar (nth node 1))
+                :let (map hk-desugar (nth node 1))
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
             ((= tag "case")
               (list
-                :case
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
+                :case (hk-desugar (nth node 1))
                 (map hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
             ((= tag "alt")
-              (list :alt (nth node 1) (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
+              (list :alt (hk-desugar (nth node 1)) (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
             ((= tag "do") (hk-desugar-do (nth node 1)))
             ((= tag "sect-left")
-              (list
-                :sect-left
-                (nth node 1)
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
+              (list :sect-left (nth node 1) (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
             ((= tag "sect-right")
-              (list
-                :sect-right
-                (nth node 1)
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
-
-            ;; Top-level
+              (list :sect-right (nth node 1) (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
             ((= tag "program")
-              (list :program (map hk-desugar (nth node 1))))
+              (list :program (map hk-desugar (hk-expand-records (nth node 1)))))
             ((= tag "module")
               (list
-                :module
-                (nth node 1)
+                :module (nth node 1)
                 (nth node 2)
                 (nth node 3)
-                (map hk-desugar (nth node 4))))
-
-            ;; Decls carrying a body
+                (map hk-desugar (hk-expand-records (nth node 4)))))
             ((= tag "fun-clause")
               (list
-                :fun-clause
-                (nth node 1)
-                (nth node 2)
+                :fun-clause (nth node 1)
+                (map hk-desugar (nth node 2))
                 (hk-desugar (nth node 3))))
+            ((= tag "instance-decl")
+              (list
+                :instance-decl (nth node 1)
+                (nth node 2)
+                (map hk-desugar (nth node 3))))
             ((= tag "pat-bind")
-              (list
-                :pat-bind
-                (nth node 1)
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
+              (list :pat-bind (nth node 1) (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
             ((= tag "bind")
-              (list
-                :bind
-                (nth node 1)
-                (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
-
-            ;; Everything else: leaf literals, vars, cons, patterns,
-            ;; types, imports, type-sigs, data / newtype / fixity, …
+              (list :bind (nth node 1) (hk-desugar (nth node 2))))
             (:else node)))))))
 
 ;; Convenience — tokenize + layout + parse + desugar.
-(define
-  hk-core
-  (fn (src) (hk-desugar (hk-parse-top src))))
+(define hk-record-fields (dict))
 
 (define
-  hk-core-expr
-  (fn (src) (hk-desugar (hk-parse src))))
+  hk-register-record-fields!
+  (fn (cname fields) (dict-set! hk-record-fields cname fields)))
+
+(define
+  hk-record-field-names
+  (fn
+    (cname)
+    (if (has-key? hk-record-fields cname) (get hk-record-fields cname) nil)))
+
+(define
+  hk-record-field-index
+  (fn
+    (cname fname)
+    (let
+      ((fields (hk-record-field-names cname)))
+      (cond
+        ((nil? fields) -1)
+        (:else
+          (let
+            ((i 0) (idx -1))
+            (begin
+              (for-each
+                (fn
+                  (f)
+                  (begin (when (= f fname) (set! idx i)) (set! i (+ i 1))))
+                fields)
+              idx)))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-find-rec-pair
+  (fn
+    (pairs name)
+    (cond
+      ((empty? pairs) nil)
+      ((= (first (first pairs)) name) (first pairs))
+      (:else (hk-find-rec-pair (rest pairs) name)))))
+
+(define
+  hk-record-accessors
+  (fn
+    (cname rec-fields)
+    (let
+      ((n (len rec-fields)) (i 0) (out (list)))
+      (define
+        hk-ra-loop
+        (fn
+          ()
+          (when
+            (< i n)
+            (let
+              ((field (nth rec-fields i)))
+              (let
+                ((fname (first field)) (j 0) (pats (list)))
+                (define
+                  hk-pat-loop
+                  (fn
+                    ()
+                    (when
+                      (< j n)
+                      (begin
+                        (append!
+                          pats
+                          (if
+                            (= j i)
+                            (list "p-var" "__rec_field")
+                            (list "p-wild")))
+                        (set! j (+ j 1))
+                        (hk-pat-loop)))))
+                (hk-pat-loop)
+                (append!
+                  out
+                  (list
+                    "fun-clause"
+                    fname
+                    (list (list "p-con" cname pats))
+                    (list "var" "__rec_field")))
+                (set! i (+ i 1))
+                (hk-ra-loop))))))
+      (hk-ra-loop)
+      out)))
+
+(define
+  hk-expand-records
+  (fn
+    (decls)
+    (let
+      ((out (list)))
+      (for-each
+        (fn
+          (d)
+          (cond
+            ((and (list? d) (= (first d) "data"))
+              (let
+                ((dname (nth d 1))
+                  (tvars (nth d 2))
+                  (cons-list (nth d 3))
+                  (deriving (if (> (len d) 4) (nth d 4) (list)))
+                  (new-cons (list))
+                  (accessors (list)))
+                (begin
+                  (for-each
+                    (fn
+                      (c)
+                      (cond
+                        ((= (first c) "con-rec")
+                          (let
+                            ((cname (nth c 1)) (rec-fields (nth c 2)))
+                            (begin
+                              (hk-register-record-fields!
+                                cname
+                                (map (fn (f) (first f)) rec-fields))
+                              (append!
+                                new-cons
+                                (list
+                                  "con-def"
+                                  cname
+                                  (map (fn (f) (nth f 1)) rec-fields)))
+                              (for-each
+                                (fn (a) (append! accessors a))
+                                (hk-record-accessors cname rec-fields)))))
+                        (:else (append! new-cons c))))
+                    cons-list)
+                  (append!
+                    out
+                    (if
+                      (empty? deriving)
+                      (list "data" dname tvars new-cons)
+                      (list "data" dname tvars new-cons deriving)))
+                  (for-each (fn (a) (append! out a)) accessors))))
+            (:else (append! out d))))
+        decls)
+      out)))
+
+(define hk-core (fn (src) (hk-desugar (hk-parse-top src))))
+
+(define hk-core-expr (fn (src) (hk-desugar (hk-parse src))))

lib/haskell/map.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+;; map.sx — Phase 11 Data.Map: weight-balanced BST in pure SX.
+;;
+;; Algorithm: Adams's weight-balanced tree (the same family as Haskell's
+;; Data.Map). Each node tracks its size; rotations maintain the invariant
+;;
+;;     size(small-side) * delta >= size(large-side)        (delta = 3)
+;;
+;; with single or double rotations chosen by the gamma ratio (gamma = 2).
+;; The size field is an Int and is included so `size`, `lookup`, etc. are
+;; O(log n) on both extremes of the tree.
+;;
+;; Representation:
+;;   Empty → ("Map-Empty")
+;;   Node  → ("Map-Node" key val left right size)
+;;
+;; All operations are pure SX — no mutation of nodes once constructed.
+;; The user-facing Haskell layer (Phase 11 next iteration) wraps these
+;; for `import Data.Map as Map`.
+
+;; ── Constructors ────────────────────────────────────────────
+(define hk-map-empty (list "Map-Empty"))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-node
+  (fn
+    (k v l r)
+    (list "Map-Node" k v l r (+ 1 (+ (hk-map-size l) (hk-map-size r))))))
+
+;; ── Predicates and accessors ────────────────────────────────
+(define hk-map-empty? (fn (m) (and (list? m) (= (first m) "Map-Empty"))))
+
+(define hk-map-node? (fn (m) (and (list? m) (= (first m) "Map-Node"))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-size
+  (fn (m) (cond ((hk-map-empty? m) 0) (:else (nth m 5)))))
+
+(define hk-map-key (fn (m) (nth m 1)))
+(define hk-map-val (fn (m) (nth m 2)))
+(define hk-map-left (fn (m) (nth m 3)))
+(define hk-map-right (fn (m) (nth m 4)))
+
+;; ── Weight-balanced rotations ───────────────────────────────
+;; delta and gamma per Adams 1992 / Haskell Data.Map.
+
+(define hk-map-delta 3)
+(define hk-map-gamma 2)
+
+(define
+  hk-map-single-l
+  (fn
+    (k v l r)
+    (let
+      ((rk (hk-map-key r))
+        (rv (hk-map-val r))
+        (rl (hk-map-left r))
+        (rr (hk-map-right r)))
+      (hk-map-node rk rv (hk-map-node k v l rl) rr))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-single-r
+  (fn
+    (k v l r)
+    (let
+      ((lk (hk-map-key l))
+        (lv (hk-map-val l))
+        (ll (hk-map-left l))
+        (lr (hk-map-right l)))
+      (hk-map-node lk lv ll (hk-map-node k v lr r)))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-double-l
+  (fn
+    (k v l r)
+    (let
+      ((rk (hk-map-key r))
+        (rv (hk-map-val r))
+        (rl (hk-map-left r))
+        (rr (hk-map-right r))
+        (rlk (hk-map-key (hk-map-left r)))
+        (rlv (hk-map-val (hk-map-left r)))
+        (rll (hk-map-left (hk-map-left r)))
+        (rlr (hk-map-right (hk-map-left r))))
+      (hk-map-node
+        rlk
+        rlv
+        (hk-map-node k v l rll)
+        (hk-map-node rk rv rlr rr)))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-double-r
+  (fn
+    (k v l r)
+    (let
+      ((lk (hk-map-key l))
+        (lv (hk-map-val l))
+        (ll (hk-map-left l))
+        (lr (hk-map-right l))
+        (lrk (hk-map-key (hk-map-right l)))
+        (lrv (hk-map-val (hk-map-right l)))
+        (lrl (hk-map-left (hk-map-right l)))
+        (lrr (hk-map-right (hk-map-right l))))
+      (hk-map-node
+        lrk
+        lrv
+        (hk-map-node lk lv ll lrl)
+        (hk-map-node k v lrr r)))))
+
+;; ── Balanced node constructor ──────────────────────────────
+;; Use this in place of hk-map-node when one side may have grown
+;; or shrunk by one and we need to restore the weight invariant.
+(define
+  hk-map-balance
+  (fn
+    (k v l r)
+    (let
+      ((sl (hk-map-size l)) (sr (hk-map-size r)))
+      (cond
+        ((<= (+ sl sr) 1) (hk-map-node k v l r))
+        ((> sr (* hk-map-delta sl))
+          (let
+            ((rl (hk-map-left r)) (rr (hk-map-right r)))
+            (cond
+              ((< (hk-map-size rl) (* hk-map-gamma (hk-map-size rr)))
+                (hk-map-single-l k v l r))
+              (:else (hk-map-double-l k v l r)))))
+        ((> sl (* hk-map-delta sr))
+          (let
+            ((ll (hk-map-left l)) (lr (hk-map-right l)))
+            (cond
+              ((< (hk-map-size lr) (* hk-map-gamma (hk-map-size ll)))
+                (hk-map-single-r k v l r))
+              (:else (hk-map-double-r k v l r)))))
+        (:else (hk-map-node k v l r))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-singleton
+  (fn (k v) (hk-map-node k v hk-map-empty hk-map-empty)))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-insert
+  (fn
+    (k v m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) (hk-map-singleton k v))
+      (:else
+        (let
+          ((mk (hk-map-key m)))
+          (cond
+            ((< k mk)
+              (hk-map-balance
+                mk
+                (hk-map-val m)
+                (hk-map-insert k v (hk-map-left m))
+                (hk-map-right m)))
+            ((> k mk)
+              (hk-map-balance
+                mk
+                (hk-map-val m)
+                (hk-map-left m)
+                (hk-map-insert k v (hk-map-right m))))
+            (:else (hk-map-node k v (hk-map-left m) (hk-map-right m)))))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-lookup
+  (fn
+    (k m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) (list "Nothing"))
+      (:else
+        (let
+          ((mk (hk-map-key m)))
+          (cond
+            ((< k mk) (hk-map-lookup k (hk-map-left m)))
+            ((> k mk) (hk-map-lookup k (hk-map-right m)))
+            (:else (list "Just" (hk-map-val m)))))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-member
+  (fn
+    (k m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) false)
+      (:else
+        (let
+          ((mk (hk-map-key m)))
+          (cond
+            ((< k mk) (hk-map-member k (hk-map-left m)))
+            ((> k mk) (hk-map-member k (hk-map-right m)))
+            (:else true)))))))
+
+(define hk-map-null hk-map-empty?)
+
+(define
+  hk-map-find-min
+  (fn
+    (m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? (hk-map-left m))
+        (list (hk-map-key m) (hk-map-val m)))
+      (:else (hk-map-find-min (hk-map-left m))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-delete-min
+  (fn
+    (m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? (hk-map-left m)) (hk-map-right m))
+      (:else
+        (hk-map-balance
+          (hk-map-key m)
+          (hk-map-val m)
+          (hk-map-delete-min (hk-map-left m))
+          (hk-map-right m))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-find-max
+  (fn
+    (m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? (hk-map-right m))
+        (list (hk-map-key m) (hk-map-val m)))
+      (:else (hk-map-find-max (hk-map-right m))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-delete-max
+  (fn
+    (m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? (hk-map-right m)) (hk-map-left m))
+      (:else
+        (hk-map-balance
+          (hk-map-key m)
+          (hk-map-val m)
+          (hk-map-left m)
+          (hk-map-delete-max (hk-map-right m)))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-glue
+  (fn
+    (l r)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? l) r)
+      ((hk-map-empty? r) l)
+      ((> (hk-map-size l) (hk-map-size r))
+        (let
+          ((mp (hk-map-find-max l)))
+          (hk-map-balance (first mp) (nth mp 1) (hk-map-delete-max l) r)))
+      (:else
+        (let
+          ((mp (hk-map-find-min r)))
+          (hk-map-balance (first mp) (nth mp 1) l (hk-map-delete-min r)))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-delete
+  (fn
+    (k m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) m)
+      (:else
+        (let
+          ((mk (hk-map-key m)))
+          (cond
+            ((< k mk)
+              (hk-map-balance
+                mk
+                (hk-map-val m)
+                (hk-map-delete k (hk-map-left m))
+                (hk-map-right m)))
+            ((> k mk)
+              (hk-map-balance
+                mk
+                (hk-map-val m)
+                (hk-map-left m)
+                (hk-map-delete k (hk-map-right m))))
+            (:else (hk-map-glue (hk-map-left m) (hk-map-right m)))))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-from-list
+  (fn
+    (pairs)
+    (reduce
+      (fn (acc p) (hk-map-insert (first p) (nth p 1) acc))
+      hk-map-empty
+      pairs)))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-to-asc-list
+  (fn
+    (m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) (list))
+      (:else
+        (append
+          (hk-map-to-asc-list (hk-map-left m))
+          (cons
+            (list (hk-map-key m) (hk-map-val m))
+            (hk-map-to-asc-list (hk-map-right m))))))))
+
+(define hk-map-to-list hk-map-to-asc-list)
+
+(define
+  hk-map-keys
+  (fn
+    (m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) (list))
+      (:else
+        (append
+          (hk-map-keys (hk-map-left m))
+          (cons (hk-map-key m) (hk-map-keys (hk-map-right m))))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-elems
+  (fn
+    (m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) (list))
+      (:else
+        (append
+          (hk-map-elems (hk-map-left m))
+          (cons (hk-map-val m) (hk-map-elems (hk-map-right m))))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-union-with
+  (fn
+    (f m1 m2)
+    (reduce
+      (fn
+        (acc p)
+        (let
+          ((k (first p)) (v (nth p 1)))
+          (let
+            ((look (hk-map-lookup k acc)))
+            (cond
+              ((= (first look) "Just")
+                (hk-map-insert k (f (nth look 1) v) acc))
+              (:else (hk-map-insert k v acc))))))
+      m1
+      (hk-map-to-asc-list m2))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-intersection-with
+  (fn
+    (f m1 m2)
+    (reduce
+      (fn
+        (acc p)
+        (let
+          ((k (first p)) (v1 (nth p 1)))
+          (let
+            ((look (hk-map-lookup k m2)))
+            (cond
+              ((= (first look) "Just")
+                (hk-map-insert k (f v1 (nth look 1)) acc))
+              (:else acc)))))
+      hk-map-empty
+      (hk-map-to-asc-list m1))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-difference
+  (fn
+    (m1 m2)
+    (reduce
+      (fn
+        (acc p)
+        (let
+          ((k (first p)) (v (nth p 1)))
+          (cond ((hk-map-member k m2) acc) (:else (hk-map-insert k v acc)))))
+      hk-map-empty
+      (hk-map-to-asc-list m1))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-foldl-with-key
+  (fn
+    (f acc m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) acc)
+      (:else
+        (let
+          ((acc1 (hk-map-foldl-with-key f acc (hk-map-left m))))
+          (let
+            ((acc2 (f acc1 (hk-map-key m) (hk-map-val m))))
+            (hk-map-foldl-with-key f acc2 (hk-map-right m))))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-foldr-with-key
+  (fn
+    (f acc m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) acc)
+      (:else
+        (let
+          ((acc1 (hk-map-foldr-with-key f acc (hk-map-right m))))
+          (let
+            ((acc2 (f (hk-map-key m) (hk-map-val m) acc1)))
+            (hk-map-foldr-with-key f acc2 (hk-map-left m))))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-map-with-key
+  (fn
+    (f m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) m)
+      (:else
+        (list
+          "Map-Node"
+          (hk-map-key m)
+          (f (hk-map-key m) (hk-map-val m))
+          (hk-map-map-with-key f (hk-map-left m))
+          (hk-map-map-with-key f (hk-map-right m))
+          (hk-map-size m))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-filter-with-key
+  (fn
+    (p m)
+    (hk-map-foldr-with-key
+      (fn (k v acc) (cond ((p k v) (hk-map-insert k v acc)) (:else acc)))
+      hk-map-empty
+      m)))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-adjust
+  (fn
+    (f k m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) m)
+      (:else
+        (let
+          ((mk (hk-map-key m)))
+          (cond
+            ((< k mk)
+              (hk-map-node
+                mk
+                (hk-map-val m)
+                (hk-map-adjust f k (hk-map-left m))
+                (hk-map-right m)))
+            ((> k mk)
+              (hk-map-node
+                mk
+                (hk-map-val m)
+                (hk-map-left m)
+                (hk-map-adjust f k (hk-map-right m))))
+            (:else
+              (hk-map-node
+                mk
+                (f (hk-map-val m))
+                (hk-map-left m)
+                (hk-map-right m)))))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-insert-with
+  (fn
+    (f k v m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) (hk-map-singleton k v))
+      (:else
+        (let
+          ((mk (hk-map-key m)))
+          (cond
+            ((< k mk)
+              (hk-map-balance
+                mk
+                (hk-map-val m)
+                (hk-map-insert-with f k v (hk-map-left m))
+                (hk-map-right m)))
+            ((> k mk)
+              (hk-map-balance
+                mk
+                (hk-map-val m)
+                (hk-map-left m)
+                (hk-map-insert-with f k v (hk-map-right m))))
+            (:else
+              (hk-map-node
+                mk
+                (f v (hk-map-val m))
+                (hk-map-left m)
+                (hk-map-right m)))))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-insert-with-key
+  (fn
+    (f k v m)
+    (cond
+      ((hk-map-empty? m) (hk-map-singleton k v))
+      (:else
+        (let
+          ((mk (hk-map-key m)))
+          (cond
+            ((< k mk)
+              (hk-map-balance
+                mk
+                (hk-map-val m)
+                (hk-map-insert-with-key f k v (hk-map-left m))
+                (hk-map-right m)))
+            ((> k mk)
+              (hk-map-balance
+                mk
+                (hk-map-val m)
+                (hk-map-left m)
+                (hk-map-insert-with-key f k v (hk-map-right m))))
+            (:else
+              (hk-map-node
+                mk
+                (f k v (hk-map-val m))
+                (hk-map-left m)
+                (hk-map-right m)))))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-map-alter
+  (fn
+    (f k m)
+    (let
+      ((look (hk-map-lookup k m)))
+      (let
+        ((res (f look)))
+        (cond
+          ((= (first res) "Nothing") (hk-map-delete k m))
+          (:else (hk-map-insert k (nth res 1) m)))))))

lib/haskell/match.sx

@@ -87,45 +87,41 @@
                   ((nil? res) nil)
                   (:else (assoc res (nth pat 1) val)))))
             (:else
-              (let ((fv (hk-force val)))
+              (let
+                ((fv (hk-force val)))
                 (cond
                   ((= tag "p-int")
-                    (if
-                      (and (number? fv) (= fv (nth pat 1)))
-                      env
-                      nil))
+                    (if (and (number? fv) (= fv (nth pat 1))) env nil))
                   ((= tag "p-float")
-                    (if
-                      (and (number? fv) (= fv (nth pat 1)))
-                      env
-                      nil))
+                    (if (and (number? fv) (= fv (nth pat 1))) env nil))
                   ((= tag "p-string")
-                    (if
-                      (and (string? fv) (= fv (nth pat 1)))
-                      env
-                      nil))
+                    (if (and (string? fv) (= fv (nth pat 1))) env nil))
                   ((= tag "p-char")
-                    (if
-                      (and (string? fv) (= fv (nth pat 1)))
-                      env
-                      nil))
+                    (if (and (string? fv) (= fv (nth pat 1))) env nil))
                   ((= tag "p-con")
                     (let
                       ((pat-name (nth pat 1)) (pat-args (nth pat 2)))
                       (cond
+                        ((and (= pat-name ":") (hk-str? fv) (not (hk-str-null? fv)))
+                          (let
+                            ((str-head (hk-str-head fv))
+                              (str-tail (hk-str-tail fv)))
+                            (let
+                              ((head-pat (nth pat-args 0))
+                                (tail-pat (nth pat-args 1)))
+                              (let
+                                ((res (hk-match head-pat str-head env)))
+                                (cond
+                                  ((nil? res) nil)
+                                  (:else (hk-match tail-pat str-tail res)))))))
                         ((not (hk-is-con-val? fv)) nil)
                         ((not (= (hk-val-con-name fv) pat-name)) nil)
                         (:else
                           (let
                             ((val-args (hk-val-con-args fv)))
                             (cond
-                              ((not (= (len pat-args) (len val-args)))
-                                nil)
-                              (:else
-                                (hk-match-all
-                                  pat-args
-                                  val-args
-                                  env))))))))
+                              ((not (= (len val-args) (len pat-args))) nil)
+                              (:else (hk-match-all pat-args val-args env))))))))
                   ((= tag "p-tuple")
                     (let
                       ((items (nth pat 1)))
@@ -134,13 +130,8 @@
                         ((not (= (hk-val-con-name fv) "Tuple")) nil)
                         ((not (= (len (hk-val-con-args fv)) (len items)))
                           nil)
-                        (:else
-                          (hk-match-all
-                            items
-                            (hk-val-con-args fv)
-                            env)))))
-                  ((= tag "p-list")
-                    (hk-match-list-pat (nth pat 1) fv env))
+                        (:else (hk-match-all items (hk-val-con-args fv) env)))))
+                  ((= tag "p-list") (hk-match-list-pat (nth pat 1) fv env))
                   (:else nil))))))))))
 
 (define
@@ -161,17 +152,26 @@
   hk-match-list-pat
   (fn
     (items val env)
-    (let ((fv (hk-force val)))
+    (let
+      ((fv (hk-force val)))
       (cond
         ((empty? items)
           (if
-            (and
-              (hk-is-con-val? fv)
-              (= (hk-val-con-name fv) "[]"))
+            (or
+              (and (hk-is-con-val? fv) (= (hk-val-con-name fv) "[]"))
+              (and (hk-str? fv) (hk-str-null? fv)))
             env
             nil))
         (:else
           (cond
+            ((and (hk-str? fv) (not (hk-str-null? fv)))
+              (let
+                ((h (hk-str-head fv)) (t (hk-str-tail fv)))
+                (let
+                  ((res (hk-match (first items) h env)))
+                  (cond
+                    ((nil? res) nil)
+                    (:else (hk-match-list-pat (rest items) t res))))))
             ((not (hk-is-con-val? fv)) nil)
             ((not (= (hk-val-con-name fv) ":")) nil)
             (:else
@@ -183,11 +183,7 @@
                     ((res (hk-match (first items) h env)))
                     (cond
                       ((nil? res) nil)
-                      (:else
-                        (hk-match-list-pat
-                          (rest items)
-                          t
-                          res)))))))))))))
+                      (:else (hk-match-list-pat (rest items) t res)))))))))))))
 
 ;; ── Convenience: parse a pattern from source for tests ─────
 ;; (Uses the parser's case-alt entry — `case _ of pat -> 0` —

lib/haskell/parser.sx

@@ -208,9 +208,19 @@
               ((= (get t "type") "char")
                 (do (hk-advance!) (list :char (get t "value"))))
               ((= (get t "type") "varid")
-                (do (hk-advance!) (list :var (get t "value"))))
+                (do
+                  (hk-advance!)
+                  (cond
+                    ((hk-match? "lbrace" nil)
+                      (hk-parse-rec-update (list :var (get t "value"))))
+                    (:else (list :var (get t "value"))))))
               ((= (get t "type") "conid")
-                (do (hk-advance!) (list :con (get t "value"))))
+                (do
+                  (hk-advance!)
+                  (cond
+                    ((hk-match? "lbrace" nil)
+                      (hk-parse-rec-create (get t "value")))
+                    (:else (list :con (get t "value"))))))
               ((= (get t "type") "qvarid")
                 (do (hk-advance!) (list :var (get t "value"))))
               ((= (get t "type") "qconid")
@@ -456,6 +466,90 @@
                     (do
                       (hk-expect! "rbracket" nil)
                       (list :list (list first-e))))))))))
+      (define
+        hk-parse-rec-create
+        (fn
+          (cname)
+          (begin
+            (hk-expect! "lbrace" nil)
+            (let
+              ((fields (list)))
+              (define
+                hk-rc-loop
+                (fn
+                  ()
+                  (when
+                    (hk-match? "varid" nil)
+                    (let
+                      ((fname (get (hk-advance!) "value")))
+                      (begin
+                        (hk-expect! "reservedop" "=")
+                        (let
+                          ((fexpr (hk-parse-expr-inner)))
+                          (begin
+                            (append! fields (list fname fexpr))
+                            (when
+                              (hk-match? "comma" nil)
+                              (begin (hk-advance!) (hk-rc-loop))))))))))
+              (hk-rc-loop)
+              (hk-expect! "rbrace" nil)
+              (list :rec-create cname fields)))))
+      (define
+        hk-parse-rec-update
+        (fn
+          (rec-expr)
+          (begin
+            (hk-expect! "lbrace" nil)
+            (let
+              ((fields (list)))
+              (define
+                hk-ru-loop
+                (fn
+                  ()
+                  (when
+                    (hk-match? "varid" nil)
+                    (let
+                      ((fname (get (hk-advance!) "value")))
+                      (begin
+                        (hk-expect! "reservedop" "=")
+                        (let
+                          ((fexpr (hk-parse-expr-inner)))
+                          (begin
+                            (append! fields (list fname fexpr))
+                            (when
+                              (hk-match? "comma" nil)
+                              (begin (hk-advance!) (hk-ru-loop))))))))))
+              (hk-ru-loop)
+              (hk-expect! "rbrace" nil)
+              (list :rec-update rec-expr fields)))))
+      (define
+        hk-parse-rec-pat
+        (fn
+          (cname)
+          (begin
+            (hk-expect! "lbrace" nil)
+            (let
+              ((field-pats (list)))
+              (define
+                hk-rp-loop
+                (fn
+                  ()
+                  (when
+                    (hk-match? "varid" nil)
+                    (let
+                      ((fname (get (hk-advance!) "value")))
+                      (begin
+                        (hk-expect! "reservedop" "=")
+                        (let
+                          ((fpat (hk-parse-pat)))
+                          (begin
+                            (append! field-pats (list fname fpat))
+                            (when
+                              (hk-match? "comma" nil)
+                              (begin (hk-advance!) (hk-rp-loop))))))))))
+              (hk-rp-loop)
+              (hk-expect! "rbrace" nil)
+              (list :p-rec cname field-pats)))))
       (define
         hk-parse-fexp
         (fn
@@ -696,7 +790,12 @@
                     (:else
                       (do (hk-advance!) (list :p-var (get t "value")))))))
               ((= (get t "type") "conid")
-                (do (hk-advance!) (list :p-con (get t "value") (list))))
+                (do
+                  (hk-advance!)
+                  (cond
+                    ((hk-match? "lbrace" nil)
+                      (hk-parse-rec-pat (get t "value")))
+                    (:else (list :p-con (get t "value") (list))))))
               ((= (get t "type") "qconid")
                 (do (hk-advance!) (list :p-con (get t "value") (list))))
               ((= (get t "type") "lparen") (hk-parse-paren-pat))
@@ -762,16 +861,24 @@
             (cond
               ((and (not (nil? t)) (or (= (get t "type") "conid") (= (get t "type") "qconid")))
                 (let
-                  ((name (get (hk-advance!) "value")) (args (list)))
-                  (define
-                    hk-pca-loop
-                    (fn
-                      ()
-                      (when
-                        (hk-apat-start? (hk-peek))
-                        (do (append! args (hk-parse-apat)) (hk-pca-loop)))))
-                  (hk-pca-loop)
-                  (list :p-con name args)))
+                  ((name (get (hk-advance!) "value")))
+                  (cond
+                    ((hk-match? "lbrace" nil)
+                      (hk-parse-rec-pat name))
+                    (:else
+                      (let
+                        ((args (list)))
+                        (define
+                          hk-pca-loop
+                          (fn
+                            ()
+                            (when
+                              (hk-apat-start? (hk-peek))
+                              (do
+                                (append! args (hk-parse-apat))
+                                (hk-pca-loop)))))
+                        (hk-pca-loop)
+                        (list :p-con name args))))))
               (:else (hk-parse-apat))))))
       (define
         hk-parse-pat
@@ -1212,16 +1319,47 @@
             (not (hk-match? "conid" nil))
             (hk-err "expected constructor name"))
           (let
-            ((name (get (hk-advance!) "value")) (fields (list)))
-            (define
-              hk-cd-loop
-              (fn
-                ()
-                (when
-                  (hk-atype-start? (hk-peek))
-                  (do (append! fields (hk-parse-atype)) (hk-cd-loop)))))
-            (hk-cd-loop)
-            (list :con-def name fields))))
+            ((name (get (hk-advance!) "value")))
+            (cond
+              ((hk-match? "lbrace" nil)
+                (begin
+                  (hk-advance!)
+                  (let
+                    ((rec-fields (list)))
+                    (define
+                      hk-rec-loop
+                      (fn
+                        ()
+                        (when
+                          (hk-match? "varid" nil)
+                          (let
+                            ((fname (get (hk-advance!) "value")))
+                            (begin
+                              (hk-expect! "reservedop" "::")
+                              (let
+                                ((ftype (hk-parse-type)))
+                                (begin
+                                  (append! rec-fields (list fname ftype))
+                                  (when
+                                    (hk-match? "comma" nil)
+                                    (begin (hk-advance!) (hk-rec-loop))))))))))
+                    (hk-rec-loop)
+                    (hk-expect! "rbrace" nil)
+                    (list :con-rec name rec-fields))))
+              (:else
+                (let
+                  ((fields (list)))
+                  (define
+                    hk-cd-loop
+                    (fn
+                      ()
+                      (when
+                        (hk-atype-start? (hk-peek))
+                        (begin
+                          (append! fields (hk-parse-atype))
+                          (hk-cd-loop)))))
+                  (hk-cd-loop)
+                  (list :con-def name fields)))))))
       (define
         hk-parse-tvars
         (fn

lib/haskell/runtime.sx

@@ -12,12 +12,7 @@
 
 (define
   hk-register-con!
-  (fn
-    (cname arity type-name)
-    (dict-set!
-      hk-constructors
-      cname
-      {:arity arity :type type-name})))
+  (fn (cname arity type-name) (dict-set! hk-constructors cname {:arity arity :type type-name})))
 
 (define hk-is-con? (fn (name) (has-key? hk-constructors name)))
 
@@ -48,26 +43,15 @@
   (fn
     (data-node)
     (let
-      ((type-name (nth data-node 1))
-        (cons-list (nth data-node 3)))
+      ((type-name (nth data-node 1)) (cons-list (nth data-node 3)))
       (for-each
-        (fn
-          (cd)
-          (hk-register-con!
-            (nth cd 1)
-            (len (nth cd 2))
-            type-name))
+        (fn (cd) (hk-register-con! (nth cd 1) (len (nth cd 2)) type-name))
         cons-list))))
 
 ;; (:newtype NAME TVARS CNAME FIELD)
 (define
   hk-register-newtype!
-  (fn
-    (nt-node)
-    (hk-register-con!
-      (nth nt-node 3)
-      1
-      (nth nt-node 1))))
+  (fn (nt-node) (hk-register-con! (nth nt-node 3) 1 (nth nt-node 1))))
 
 ;; Walk a decls list, registering every `data` / `newtype` decl.
 (define
@@ -78,15 +62,9 @@
       (fn
         (d)
         (cond
-          ((and
-              (list? d)
-              (not (empty? d))
-              (= (first d) "data"))
+          ((and (list? d) (not (empty? d)) (= (first d) "data"))
             (hk-register-data! d))
-          ((and
-              (list? d)
-              (not (empty? d))
-              (= (first d) "newtype"))
+          ((and (list? d) (not (empty? d)) (= (first d) "newtype"))
             (hk-register-newtype! d))
           (:else nil)))
       decls)))
@@ -99,16 +77,12 @@
       ((nil? ast) nil)
       ((not (list? ast)) nil)
       ((empty? ast) nil)
-      ((= (first ast) "program")
-        (hk-register-decls! (nth ast 1)))
-      ((= (first ast) "module")
-        (hk-register-decls! (nth ast 4)))
+      ((= (first ast) "program") (hk-register-decls! (nth ast 1)))
+      ((= (first ast) "module") (hk-register-decls! (nth ast 4)))
       (:else nil))))
 
 ;; Convenience: source → AST → desugar → register.
-(define
-  hk-load-source!
-  (fn (src) (hk-register-program! (hk-core src))))
+(define hk-load-source! (fn (src) (hk-register-program! (hk-core src))))
 
 ;; ── Built-in constructors pre-registered ─────────────────────
 ;; Bool — used implicitly by `if`, comparison operators.
@@ -122,9 +96,55 @@
 ;; Standard Prelude types — pre-registered so expression-level
 ;; programs can use them without a `data` decl.
 (hk-register-con! "Nothing" 0 "Maybe")
-(hk-register-con! "Just"    1 "Maybe")
-(hk-register-con! "Left"    1 "Either")
-(hk-register-con! "Right"   1 "Either")
+(hk-register-con! "Just" 1 "Maybe")
+(hk-register-con! "Left" 1 "Either")
+(hk-register-con! "Right" 1 "Either")
 (hk-register-con! "LT" 0 "Ordering")
 (hk-register-con! "EQ" 0 "Ordering")
 (hk-register-con! "GT" 0 "Ordering")
+(hk-register-con! "SomeException" 1 "SomeException")
+
+(define
+  hk-str?
+  (fn (v) (or (string? v) (and (dict? v) (has-key? v "hk-str")))))
+
+(define
+  hk-str-head
+  (fn
+    (v)
+    (if
+      (string? v)
+      (char-code (char-at v 0))
+      (char-code (char-at (get v "hk-str") (get v "hk-off"))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-str-tail
+  (fn
+    (v)
+    (let
+      ((buf (if (string? v) v (get v "hk-str")))
+        (off (if (string? v) 1 (+ (get v "hk-off") 1))))
+      (if (>= off (string-length buf)) (list "[]") {:hk-off off :hk-str buf}))))
+
+(define
+  hk-str-null?
+  (fn
+    (v)
+    (if
+      (string? v)
+      (= (string-length v) 0)
+      (>= (get v "hk-off") (string-length (get v "hk-str"))))))
+
+(define
+  hk-str-to-native
+  (fn
+    (v)
+    (if
+      (string? v)
+      v
+      (let
+        ((buf (get v "hk-str")) (off (get v "hk-off")))
+        (reduce
+          (fn (acc i) (str acc (char-at buf i)))
+          ""
+          (range off (string-length buf)))))))

lib/haskell/scoreboard.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
-  "date": "2026-05-06",
-  "total_pass": 156,
+  "date": "2026-05-08",
+  "total_pass": 285,
   "total_fail": 0,
   "programs": {
     "fib": {"pass": 2, "fail": 0},
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
     "nqueens": {"pass": 2, "fail": 0},
     "calculator": {"pass": 5, "fail": 0},
     "collatz": {"pass": 11, "fail": 0},
-    "palindrome": {"pass": 8, "fail": 0},
+    "palindrome": {"pass": 12, "fail": 0},
     "maybe": {"pass": 12, "fail": 0},
     "fizzbuzz": {"pass": 12, "fail": 0},
     "anagram": {"pass": 9, "fail": 0},
@@ -19,7 +19,25 @@
     "primes": {"pass": 12, "fail": 0},
     "zipwith": {"pass": 9, "fail": 0},
     "matrix": {"pass": 8, "fail": 0},
-    "wordcount": {"pass": 7, "fail": 0},
-    "powers": {"pass": 14, "fail": 0}
+    "wordcount": {"pass": 10, "fail": 0},
+    "powers": {"pass": 14, "fail": 0},
+    "caesar": {"pass": 8, "fail": 0},
+    "runlength-str": {"pass": 9, "fail": 0},
+    "showadt": {"pass": 5, "fail": 0},
+    "showio": {"pass": 5, "fail": 0},
+    "partial": {"pass": 7, "fail": 0},
+    "statistics": {"pass": 5, "fail": 0},
+    "newton": {"pass": 5, "fail": 0},
+    "wordfreq": {"pass": 7, "fail": 0},
+    "mapgraph": {"pass": 6, "fail": 0},
+    "uniquewords": {"pass": 4, "fail": 0},
+    "setops": {"pass": 8, "fail": 0},
+    "shapes": {"pass": 5, "fail": 0},
+    "person": {"pass": 7, "fail": 0},
+    "config": {"pass": 10, "fail": 0},
+    "counter": {"pass": 7, "fail": 0},
+    "accumulate": {"pass": 8, "fail": 0},
+    "safediv": {"pass": 8, "fail": 0},
+    "trycatch": {"pass": 8, "fail": 0}
   }
 }

lib/haskell/scoreboard.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Haskell-on-SX Scoreboard
 
-Updated 2026-05-06 · Phase 6 (prelude extras + 18 programs)
+Updated 2026-05-08 · Phase 6 (prelude extras + 18 programs)
 
 | Program | Tests | Status |
 |---------|-------|--------|
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Updated 2026-05-06 · Phase 6 (prelude extras + 18 programs)
 | nqueens.hs | 2/2 | ✓ |
 | calculator.hs | 5/5 | ✓ |
 | collatz.hs | 11/11 | ✓ |
-| palindrome.hs | 8/8 | ✓ |
+| palindrome.hs | 12/12 | ✓ |
 | maybe.hs | 12/12 | ✓ |
 | fizzbuzz.hs | 12/12 | ✓ |
 | anagram.hs | 9/9 | ✓ |
@@ -20,6 +20,24 @@ Updated 2026-05-06 · Phase 6 (prelude extras + 18 programs)
 | primes.hs | 12/12 | ✓ |
 | zipwith.hs | 9/9 | ✓ |
 | matrix.hs | 8/8 | ✓ |
-| wordcount.hs | 7/7 | ✓ |
+| wordcount.hs | 10/10 | ✓ |
 | powers.hs | 14/14 | ✓ |
-| **Total** | **156/156** | **18/18 programs** |
+| caesar.hs | 8/8 | ✓ |
+| runlength-str.hs | 9/9 | ✓ |
+| showadt.hs | 5/5 | ✓ |
+| showio.hs | 5/5 | ✓ |
+| partial.hs | 7/7 | ✓ |
+| statistics.hs | 5/5 | ✓ |
+| newton.hs | 5/5 | ✓ |
+| wordfreq.hs | 7/7 | ✓ |
+| mapgraph.hs | 6/6 | ✓ |
+| uniquewords.hs | 4/4 | ✓ |
+| setops.hs | 8/8 | ✓ |
+| shapes.hs | 5/5 | ✓ |
+| person.hs | 7/7 | ✓ |
+| config.hs | 10/10 | ✓ |
+| counter.hs | 7/7 | ✓ |
+| accumulate.hs | 8/8 | ✓ |
+| safediv.hs | 8/8 | ✓ |
+| trycatch.hs | 8/8 | ✓ |
+| **Total** | **285/285** | **36/36 programs** |

lib/haskell/set.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+;; set.sx — Phase 12 Data.Set: wraps Data.Map with unit values.
+;;
+;; A Set is a Map from key to (). All set operations delegate to the map
+;; ops, ignoring the value side. Storage representation matches Data.Map:
+;;
+;;   Empty → ("Map-Empty")
+;;   Node  → ("Map-Node" key () left right size)
+;;
+;; Tradeoff: trivial maintenance burden, slight overhead per node from
+;; the unused value slot. Faster path forward than re-implementing the
+;; weight-balanced BST.
+;;
+;; Functions live in this file; the Haskell-level `import Data.Set` /
+;; `import qualified Data.Set as Set` wiring (next Phase 12 box) binds
+;; them under the chosen alias.
+
+(define hk-set-unit (list "Tuple"))
+
+(define hk-set-empty hk-map-empty)
+
+(define hk-set-singleton (fn (k) (hk-map-singleton k hk-set-unit)))
+
+(define hk-set-insert (fn (k s) (hk-map-insert k hk-set-unit s)))
+
+(define hk-set-delete hk-map-delete)
+(define hk-set-member hk-map-member)
+(define hk-set-size hk-map-size)
+(define hk-set-null hk-map-null)
+(define hk-set-to-asc-list hk-map-keys)
+(define hk-set-to-list hk-map-keys)
+
+(define
+  hk-set-from-list
+  (fn (xs) (reduce (fn (acc k) (hk-set-insert k acc)) hk-set-empty xs)))
+
+(define
+  hk-set-union
+  (fn (a b) (hk-map-union-with (fn (x y) hk-set-unit) a b)))
+
+(define
+  hk-set-intersection
+  (fn (a b) (hk-map-intersection-with (fn (x y) hk-set-unit) a b)))
+
+(define hk-set-difference hk-map-difference)
+
+(define
+  hk-set-is-subset-of
+  (fn (a b) (= (hk-map-size (hk-map-difference a b)) 0)))
+
+(define
+  hk-set-filter
+  (fn (p s) (hk-map-filter-with-key (fn (k v) (p k)) s)))
+
+(define hk-set-map (fn (f s) (hk-set-from-list (map f (hk-map-keys s)))))
+
+(define
+  hk-set-foldr
+  (fn (f z s) (hk-map-foldr-with-key (fn (k v acc) (f k acc)) z s)))
+
+(define
+  hk-set-foldl
+  (fn (f z s) (hk-map-foldl-with-key (fn (acc k v) (f acc k)) z s)))

lib/haskell/test.sh

@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ for FILE in "${FILES[@]}"; do
 (load "lib/haskell/runtime.sx")
 (load "lib/haskell/match.sx")
 (load "lib/haskell/eval.sx")
+(load "lib/haskell/map.sx")
+(load "lib/haskell/set.sx")
 $INFER_LOAD
 (load "lib/haskell/testlib.sx")
 (epoch 2)
@@ -98,6 +100,8 @@ EPOCHS
 (load "lib/haskell/runtime.sx")
 (load "lib/haskell/match.sx")
 (load "lib/haskell/eval.sx")
+(load "lib/haskell/map.sx")
+(load "lib/haskell/set.sx")
 $INFER_LOAD
 (load "lib/haskell/testlib.sx")
 (epoch 2)

lib/haskell/testlib.sx

@@ -56,3 +56,21 @@
         (append!
           hk-test-fails
           {:actual actual :expected expected :name name})))))
+
+(define
+  hk-test-error
+  (fn
+    (name thunk expected-substring)
+    (let
+      ((caught (guard (e (true (if (string? e) e (str e)))) (begin (thunk) nil))))
+      (cond
+        ((nil? caught)
+          (do
+            (set! hk-test-fail (+ hk-test-fail 1))
+            (append! hk-test-fails {:actual "no error raised" :expected (str "error containing: " expected-substring) :name name})))
+        ((>= (index-of caught expected-substring) 0)
+          (set! hk-test-pass (+ hk-test-pass 1)))
+        (:else
+          (do
+            (set! hk-test-fail (+ hk-test-fail 1))
+            (append! hk-test-fails {:actual caught :expected (str "error containing: " expected-substring) :name name})))))))

lib/haskell/tests/class-defaults.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+;; class-defaults.sx — Phase 13: class default method implementations.
+
+;; ── Eq default: myNeq derived from myEq via `not (myEq x y)` ──
+(define
+  hk-myeq-source
+  "class MyEq a where\n  myEq :: a -> a -> Bool\n  myNeq :: a -> a -> Bool\n  myNeq x y = not (myEq x y)\ninstance MyEq Int where\n  myEq x y = x == y\n")
+
+(hk-test
+  "Eq default: myNeq 3 5 = True (no explicit myNeq in instance)"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-myeq-source "main = myNeq 3 5\n")))
+  (list "True"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "Eq default: myNeq 3 3 = False"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-myeq-source "main = myNeq 3 3\n")))
+  (list "False"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "Eq default: myEq still works in same instance"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-myeq-source "main = myEq 7 7\n")))
+  (list "True"))
+
+;; ── Override path: instance can still provide the method explicitly. ──
+(hk-test
+  "Default override: instance-provided beats class default"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "class Hi a where\n  greet :: a -> String\n  greet x = \"default\"\ninstance Hi Bool where\n  greet x = \"override\"\nmain = greet True"))
+  "override")
+
+(hk-test
+  "Default fallback: empty instance picks default"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "class Hi a where\n  greet :: a -> String\n  greet x = \"default\"\ninstance Hi Bool where\nmain = greet True"))
+  "default")
+
+(define
+  hk-myord-source
+  "class MyOrd a where\n  myCmp :: a -> a -> Bool\n  myMax :: a -> a -> a\n  myMin :: a -> a -> a\n  myMax a b = if myCmp a b then a else b\n  myMin a b = if myCmp a b then b else a\ninstance MyOrd Int where\n  myCmp x y = x >= y\n")
+
+(hk-test
+  "Ord default: myMax 3 5 = 5"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-myord-source "main = myMax 3 5\n")))
+  5)
+
+(hk-test
+  "Ord default: myMax 8 2 = 8"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-myord-source "main = myMax 8 2\n")))
+  8)
+
+(hk-test
+  "Ord default: myMin 3 5 = 3"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-myord-source "main = myMin 3 5\n")))
+  3)
+
+(hk-test
+  "Ord default: myMin 8 2 = 2"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-myord-source "main = myMin 8 2\n")))
+  2)
+
+(hk-test
+  "Ord default: myMax of equals returns first"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-myord-source "main = myMax 4 4\n")))
+  4)
+
+(define
+  hk-mynum-source
+  "class MyNum a where\n  mySub :: a -> a -> a\n  myLt :: a -> a -> Bool\n  myNegate :: a -> a\n  myAbs :: a -> a\n  myNegate x = mySub (mySub x x) x\n  myAbs x = if myLt x (mySub x x) then myNegate x else x\ninstance MyNum Int where\n  mySub x y = x - y\n  myLt x y = x < y\n")
+
+(hk-test
+  "Num default: myNegate 5 = -5"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-mynum-source "main = myNegate 5\n")))
+  -5)
+
+(hk-test
+  "Num default: myAbs (myNegate 7) = 7"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-mynum-source "main = myAbs (myNegate 7)\n")))
+  7)
+
+(hk-test
+  "Num default: myAbs 9 = 9"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run (str hk-mynum-source "main = myAbs 9\n")))
+  9)
+
+{:fails hk-test-fails :pass hk-test-pass :fail hk-test-fail}

lib/haskell/tests/deriving.sx

@@ -12,14 +12,14 @@
   "deriving Show: constructor with arg"
   (hk-deep-force
     (hk-run "data Wrapper = Wrap Int deriving (Show)\nmain = show (Wrap 42)"))
-  "(Wrap 42)")
+  "Wrap 42")
 
 (hk-test
   "deriving Show: nested constructors"
   (hk-deep-force
     (hk-run
       "data Tree = Leaf | Node Int Tree Tree deriving (Show)\nmain = show (Node 1 Leaf Leaf)"))
-  "(Node 1 Leaf Leaf)")
+  "Node 1 Leaf Leaf")
 
 (hk-test
   "deriving Show: second constructor"
@@ -30,6 +30,31 @@
 
 ;; ─── Eq ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+(hk-test
+  "deriving Show: nested ADT wraps inner constructor in parens"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "data Tree = Leaf | Node Int Tree Tree deriving (Show)\nmain = show (Node 1 Leaf (Node 2 Leaf Leaf))"))
+  "Node 1 Leaf (Node 2 Leaf Leaf)")
+
+(hk-test
+  "deriving Show: Maybe Maybe wraps inner Just"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = show (Just (Just 3))"))
+  "Just (Just 3)")
+
+(hk-test
+  "deriving Show: negative argument wrapped in parens"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = show (Just (negate 3))"))
+  "Just (-3)")
+
+(hk-test
+  "deriving Show: list element does not need parens"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run "data Box = Box [Int] deriving (Show)\nmain = show (Box [1,2,3])"))
+  "Box [1,2,3]")
+
+;; ─── combined Eq + Show ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
 (hk-test
   "deriving Eq: same constructor"
   (hk-deep-force
@@ -58,14 +83,12 @@
       "data Color = Red | Green | Blue deriving (Eq)\nmain = show (Red /= Blue)"))
   "True")
 
-;; ─── combined Eq + Show ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
 (hk-test
-  "deriving Eq Show: combined in parens"
+  "deriving Eq Show: combined"
   (hk-deep-force
     (hk-run
       "data Shape = Circle Int | Square Int deriving (Eq, Show)\nmain = show (Circle 5)"))
-  "(Circle 5)")
+  "Circle 5")
 
 (hk-test
   "deriving Eq Show: eq on constructor with arg"

lib/haskell/tests/errors.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+;; errors.sx — Phase 9 error / undefined / partial-fn coverage via hk-test-error.
+
+;; ── error builtin ────────────────────────────────────────────
+(define
+  hk-as-list
+  (fn
+    (xs)
+    (cond
+      ((and (list? xs) (= (first xs) "[]")) (list))
+      ((and (list? xs) (= (first xs) ":"))
+        (cons (nth xs 1) (hk-as-list (nth xs 2))))
+      (:else xs))))
+
+(hk-test-error
+  "error: raises with literal message"
+  (fn () (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = error \"boom\"")))
+  "hk-error: boom")
+
+(hk-test-error
+  "error: raises with computed message"
+  (fn () (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = error (\"oops: \" ++ show 42)")))
+  "hk-error: oops: 42")
+
+;; ── undefined ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+(hk-test-error
+  "error: nested in if branch (only fires when forced)"
+  (fn
+    ()
+    (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = if 1 == 1 then error \"taken\" else 0")))
+  "taken")
+
+(hk-test-error
+  "undefined: raises Prelude.undefined"
+  (fn () (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = undefined")))
+  "Prelude.undefined")
+
+;; The non-strict path: undefined doesn't fire when not forced.
+(hk-test-error
+  "undefined: forced via arithmetic"
+  (fn () (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = undefined + 1")))
+  "Prelude.undefined")
+
+;; ── partial functions ───────────────────────────────────────
+(hk-test
+  "undefined: lazy, not forced when discarded"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = let _ = undefined in 5"))
+  5)
+
+(hk-test-error
+  "head []: raises Prelude.head: empty list"
+  (fn () (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = head []")))
+  "Prelude.head: empty list")
+
+(hk-test-error
+  "tail []: raises Prelude.tail: empty list"
+  (fn () (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = tail []")))
+  "Prelude.tail: empty list")
+
+;; head and tail still work on non-empty lists.
+(hk-test-error
+  "fromJust Nothing: raises Maybe.fromJust: Nothing"
+  (fn () (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = fromJust Nothing")))
+  "Maybe.fromJust: Nothing")
+
+(hk-test
+  "head [42]: still works"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = head [42]"))
+  42)
+
+;; ── error in IO context ─────────────────────────────────────
+(hk-test
+  "tail [1,2,3]: still works"
+  (hk-as-list (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = tail [1,2,3]")))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-run-io: error in main lands in io-lines"
+  (let
+    ((lines (hk-run-io "main = error \"caught here\"")))
+    (>= (index-of (str lines) "caught here") 0))
+  true)
+
+;; ── hk-test-error helper itself ─────────────────────────────
+(hk-test
+  "hk-run-io: putStrLn before error preserves earlier output"
+  (let
+    ((lines (hk-run-io "main = do { putStrLn \"first\"; error \"died\"; putStrLn \"never\" }")))
+    (and
+      (>= (index-of (str lines) "first") 0)
+      (>= (index-of (str lines) "died") 0)))
+  true)
+
+;; hk-as-list helper for converting a forced Haskell cons into an SX list.
+(hk-test-error
+  "hk-test-error: matches partial substring inside wrapped exception"
+  (fn () (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = error \"unique-marker-xyz\"")))
+  "unique-marker-xyz")
+
+{:fails hk-test-fails :pass hk-test-pass :fail hk-test-fail}

lib/haskell/tests/eval.sx

@@ -231,16 +231,82 @@
   1)
 
 ;; ── Laziness: app args evaluate only when forced ──
+(hk-test
+  "error builtin: raises with hk-error prefix"
+  (guard
+    (e (true (>= (index-of e "hk-error: boom") 0)))
+    (begin (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = error \"boom\"")) false))
+  true)
+
+(hk-test
+  "error builtin: raises with computed message"
+  (guard
+    (e (true (>= (index-of e "hk-error: oops: 42") 0)))
+    (begin
+      (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = error (\"oops: \" ++ show 42)"))
+      false))
+  true)
+
+(hk-test
+  "undefined: raises hk-error with Prelude.undefined message"
+  (guard
+    (e (true (>= (index-of e "hk-error: Prelude.undefined") 0)))
+    (begin (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = undefined")) false))
+  true)
+
+(hk-test
+  "undefined: lazy — only fires when forced"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = if True then 42 else undefined"))
+  42)
+
+(hk-test
+  "head []: raises Prelude.head: empty list"
+  (guard
+    (e (true (>= (index-of e "Prelude.head: empty list") 0)))
+    (begin (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = head []")) false))
+  true)
+
+(hk-test
+  "tail []: raises Prelude.tail: empty list"
+  (guard
+    (e (true (>= (index-of e "Prelude.tail: empty list") 0)))
+    (begin (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = tail []")) false))
+  true)
+
+;; ── not / id built-ins ──
+(hk-test
+  "fromJust Nothing: raises Maybe.fromJust: Nothing"
+  (guard
+    (e (true (>= (index-of e "Maybe.fromJust: Nothing") 0)))
+    (begin (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = fromJust Nothing")) false))
+  true)
+(hk-test
+  "fromJust (Just 5) = 5"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = fromJust (Just 5)"))
+  5)
+(hk-test
+  "head [42] = 42 (still works for non-empty)"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = head [42]"))
+  42)
+
+(hk-test-error
+  "hk-test-error helper: catches matching error"
+  (fn () (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = error \"boom\"")))
+  "hk-error: boom")
+
+(hk-test-error
+  "hk-test-error helper: catches head [] error"
+  (fn () (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = head []")))
+  "Prelude.head: empty list")
+
 (hk-test
   "second arg never forced"
-  (hk-eval-expr-source
-    "(\\x y -> x) 1 (error \"never\")")
+  (hk-eval-expr-source "(\\x y -> x) 1 (error \"never\")")
   1)
 
 (hk-test
   "first arg never forced"
-  (hk-eval-expr-source
-    "(\\x y -> y) (error \"never\") 99")
+  (hk-eval-expr-source "(\\x y -> y) (error \"never\") 99")
   99)
 
 (hk-test
@@ -251,9 +317,7 @@
 
 (hk-test
   "lazy: const drops its second argument"
-  (hk-prog-val
-    "const x y = x\nresult = const 5 (error \"boom\")"
-    "result")
+  (hk-prog-val "const x y = x\nresult = const 5 (error \"boom\")" "result")
   5)
 
 (hk-test
@@ -270,9 +334,10 @@
     "result")
   (list "True"))
 
-;; ── not / id built-ins ──
 (hk-test "not True" (hk-eval-expr-source "not True") (list "False"))
+
 (hk-test "not False" (hk-eval-expr-source "not False") (list "True"))
+
 (hk-test "id" (hk-eval-expr-source "id 42") 42)
 
 {:fails hk-test-fails :pass hk-test-pass :fail hk-test-fail}

lib/haskell/tests/exceptions.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+;; Phase 16 — Exception handling unit tests.
+
+(hk-test
+  "catch — success path returns the action result"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "main = catch (return 42) (\\(SomeException m) -> return 0)"))
+  (list "IO" 42))
+
+(hk-test
+  "catch — error caught, handler receives message"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "main = catch (error \"boom\") (\\(SomeException m) -> return m)"))
+  (list "IO" "boom"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "try — success returns Right v"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run "main = try (return 42)"))
+  (list "IO" (list "Right" 42)))
+
+(hk-test
+  "try — error returns Left (SomeException msg)"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run "main = try (error \"oops\")"))
+  (list "IO" (list "Left" (list "SomeException" "oops"))))
+
+(hk-test
+  "handle — flip catch — caught error message"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "main = handle (\\(SomeException m) -> return m) (error \"hot\")"))
+  (list "IO" "hot"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "throwIO + catch — handler sees the SomeException"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "main = catch (throwIO (SomeException \"bang\")) (\\(SomeException m) -> return m)"))
+  (list "IO" "bang"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "throwIO + try — Left side"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "main = try (throwIO (SomeException \"x\"))"))
+  (list "IO" (list "Left" (list "SomeException" "x"))))
+
+(hk-test
+  "evaluate — pure value returns IO v"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run "main = evaluate (1 + 2 + 3)"))
+  (list "IO" 6))
+
+(hk-test
+  "evaluate — error surfaces as catchable exception"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "main = catch (evaluate (error \"deep\")) (\\(SomeException m) -> return m)"))
+  (list "IO" "deep"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "nested catch — inner handler runs first"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "main = catch (catch (error \"inner\") (\\(SomeException m) -> error (m ++ \"-rethrown\"))) (\\(SomeException m) -> return m)"))
+  (list "IO" "inner-rethrown"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "catch chain — handler can succeed inside IO"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "main = do { x <- catch (error \"e1\") (\\(SomeException m) -> return 100); return (x + 1) }"))
+  (list "IO" 101))
+
+(hk-test
+  "try then bind on Right"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "branch (Right v) = return (v * 2)
+branch (Left _) = return 0
+main = do { r <- try (return 21); branch r }"))
+  (list "IO" 42))
+
+(hk-test
+  "try then bind on Left"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "branch (Right _) = return \"ok\"
+branch (Left (SomeException m)) = return m
+main = do { r <- try (error \"failed\"); branch r }"))
+  (list "IO" "failed"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "catch — handler can use closed-over IORef"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef
+main = do
+  r <- IORef.newIORef 0
+  catch (error \"x\") (\\(SomeException m) -> IORef.writeIORef r 7)
+  v <- IORef.readIORef r
+  return v"))
+  (list "IO" 7))

lib/haskell/tests/instance-where.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+;; instance-where.sx — Phase 13: where-clauses inside instance bodies.
+
+(hk-test
+  "instance method body with where-helper (Bool)"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "class Greet a where\n  greet :: a -> String\ninstance Greet Bool where\n  greet x = mkMsg x\n    where mkMsg True = \"yes\"\n          mkMsg False = \"no\"\nmain = greet True"))
+  "yes")
+
+(hk-test
+  "instance method body with where-helper (False branch)"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "class Greet a where\n  greet :: a -> String\ninstance Greet Bool where\n  greet x = mkMsg x\n    where mkMsg True = \"yes\"\n          mkMsg False = \"no\"\nmain = greet False"))
+  "no")
+
+(hk-test
+  "instance method body with where-binding referenced multiple times"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "class Twice a where\n  twice :: a -> Int\ninstance Twice Int where\n  twice x = h + h\n    where h = x + 1\nmain = twice 5"))
+  12)
+
+(hk-test
+  "instance method body with multi-binding where"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "class Calc a where\n  calc :: a -> Int\ninstance Calc Int where\n  calc x = a + b\n    where a = x * 2\n          b = x + 1\nmain = calc 3"))
+  10)
+
+{:fails hk-test-fails :pass hk-test-pass :fail hk-test-fail}

lib/haskell/tests/io-input.sx

@@ -64,12 +64,11 @@
 
 (hk-test
   "readFile error on missing file"
-  (guard
-    (e (true (>= (index-of e "file not found") 0)))
-    (begin
-      (set! hk-vfs (dict))
-      (hk-run-io "main = readFile \"no.txt\" >>= putStrLn")
-      false))
+  (begin
+    (set! hk-vfs (dict))
+    (let
+      ((lines (hk-run-io "main = readFile \"no.txt\" >>= putStrLn")))
+      (>= (index-of (str lines) "file not found") 0)))
   true)
 
 (hk-test

lib/haskell/tests/ioref.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+;; Phase 15 — IORef unit tests.
+
+(hk-test
+  "newIORef + readIORef returns initial value"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef 42; v <- IORef.readIORef r; return v }"))
+  (list "IO" 42))
+
+(hk-test
+  "writeIORef updates the cell"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef 0; IORef.writeIORef r 99; v <- IORef.readIORef r; return v }"))
+  (list "IO" 99))
+
+(hk-test
+  "writeIORef returns IO ()"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef 0; IORef.writeIORef r 1 }"))
+  (list "IO" (list "Tuple")))
+
+(hk-test
+  "modifyIORef applies a function"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef 5; IORef.modifyIORef r (\\x -> x * 2); v <- IORef.readIORef r; return v }"))
+  (list "IO" 10))
+
+(hk-test
+  "modifyIORef' (strict) applies a function"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef 7; IORef.modifyIORef' r (\\x -> x + 3); v <- IORef.readIORef r; return v }"))
+  (list "IO" 10))
+
+(hk-test
+  "two reads return the same value"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef 11; a <- IORef.readIORef r; b <- IORef.readIORef r; return (a + b) }"))
+  (list "IO" 22))
+
+(hk-test
+  "shared ref across do-steps: write then read"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef 1; IORef.writeIORef r 2; IORef.writeIORef r 3; v <- IORef.readIORef r; return v }"))
+  (list "IO" 3))
+
+(hk-test
+  "two refs are independent"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nmain = do { r1 <- IORef.newIORef 1; r2 <- IORef.newIORef 2; IORef.writeIORef r1 10; a <- IORef.readIORef r1; b <- IORef.readIORef r2; return (a + b) }"))
+  (list "IO" 12))
+
+(hk-test
+  "string-valued IORef"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef \"hi\"; IORef.writeIORef r \"bye\"; v <- IORef.readIORef r; return v }"))
+  (list "IO" "bye"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "list-valued IORef + cons"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef [1,2,3]; IORef.modifyIORef r (\\xs -> 0 : xs); v <- IORef.readIORef r; return v }"))
+  (list
+    "IO"
+    (list ":" 0 (list ":" 1 (list ":" 2 (list ":" 3 (list "[]")))))))
+
+(hk-test
+  "counter loop: increment N times"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nloop r 0 = return ()\nloop r n = do { IORef.modifyIORef r (\\x -> x + 1); loop r (n - 1) }\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef 0; loop r 10; v <- IORef.readIORef r; return v }"))
+  (list "IO" 10))
+
+(hk-test
+  "modifyIORef' inside a loop"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\ngo r 0 = return ()\ngo r n = do { IORef.modifyIORef' r (\\x -> x + n); go r (n - 1) }\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef 0; go r 5; v <- IORef.readIORef r; return v }"))
+  (list "IO" 15))
+
+(hk-test
+  "newIORef inside a function passed via parameter"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.IORef as IORef\nbump r = IORef.modifyIORef r (\\x -> x + 100)\nmain = do { r <- IORef.newIORef 1; bump r; v <- IORef.readIORef r; return v }"))
+  (list "IO" 101))

lib/haskell/tests/map.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+;; map.sx — Phase 11 Data.Map unit tests.
+;;
+;; Tests both the SX-level `hk-map-*` helpers and the Haskell-level
+;; `Map.*` aliases bound by the import handler.
+
+(define
+  hk-as-list
+  (fn
+    (xs)
+    (cond
+      ((and (list? xs) (= (first xs) "[]")) (list))
+      ((and (list? xs) (= (first xs) ":"))
+        (cons (nth xs 1) (hk-as-list (nth xs 2))))
+      (:else xs))))
+
+;; ── SX-level (direct hk-map-*) ───────────────────────────────
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-empty: size 0, null true"
+  (list (hk-map-size hk-map-empty) (hk-map-null hk-map-empty))
+  (list 0 true))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-singleton: lookup hit"
+  (let
+    ((m (hk-map-singleton 5 "five")))
+    (list (hk-map-size m) (hk-map-lookup 5 m)))
+  (list 1 (list "Just" "five")))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-insert: lookup hit on inserted"
+  (let ((m (hk-map-insert 1 "a" hk-map-empty))) (hk-map-lookup 1 m))
+  (list "Just" "a"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-lookup: miss returns Nothing"
+  (hk-map-lookup 99 (hk-map-singleton 1 "a"))
+  (list "Nothing"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-insert: overwrites existing key"
+  (let
+    ((m (hk-map-insert 1 "second" (hk-map-insert 1 "first" hk-map-empty))))
+    (hk-map-lookup 1 m))
+  (list "Just" "second"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-delete: removes key"
+  (let
+    ((m (hk-map-insert 2 "b" (hk-map-insert 1 "a" hk-map-empty))))
+    (let
+      ((m2 (hk-map-delete 1 m)))
+      (list (hk-map-size m2) (hk-map-lookup 1 m2) (hk-map-lookup 2 m2))))
+  (list 1 (list "Nothing") (list "Just" "b")))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-delete: missing key is no-op"
+  (let ((m (hk-map-singleton 1 "a"))) (hk-map-size (hk-map-delete 99 m)))
+  1)
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-member: true on existing"
+  (hk-map-member 1 (hk-map-singleton 1 "a"))
+  true)
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-member: false on missing"
+  (hk-map-member 99 (hk-map-singleton 1 "a"))
+  false)
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-from-list: builds map; keys sorted"
+  (hk-map-keys
+    (hk-map-from-list
+      (list (list 3 "c") (list 1 "a") (list 5 "e") (list 2 "b"))))
+  (list 1 2 3 5))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-from-list: duplicates — last wins"
+  (hk-map-lookup
+    1
+    (hk-map-from-list (list (list 1 "first") (list 1 "second"))))
+  (list "Just" "second"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-to-asc-list: ordered traversal"
+  (hk-map-to-asc-list
+    (hk-map-from-list (list (list 3 "c") (list 1 "a") (list 2 "b"))))
+  (list (list 1 "a") (list 2 "b") (list 3 "c")))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-elems: in key order"
+  (hk-map-elems
+    (hk-map-from-list (list (list 3 30) (list 1 10) (list 2 20))))
+  (list 10 20 30))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-union-with: combines duplicates"
+  (hk-map-to-asc-list
+    (hk-map-union-with
+      (fn (a b) (str a "+" b))
+      (hk-map-from-list (list (list 1 "a") (list 2 "b")))
+      (hk-map-from-list (list (list 2 "B") (list 3 "c")))))
+  (list (list 1 "a") (list 2 "b+B") (list 3 "c")))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-intersection-with: keeps shared keys"
+  (hk-map-to-asc-list
+    (hk-map-intersection-with
+      +
+      (hk-map-from-list (list (list 1 10) (list 2 20)))
+      (hk-map-from-list (list (list 2 200) (list 3 30)))))
+  (list (list 2 220)))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-difference: drops m2 keys"
+  (hk-map-keys
+    (hk-map-difference
+      (hk-map-from-list (list (list 1 "a") (list 2 "b") (list 3 "c")))
+      (hk-map-from-list (list (list 2 "x")))))
+  (list 1 3))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-foldl-with-key: in-order accumulate"
+  (hk-map-foldl-with-key
+    (fn (acc k v) (str acc k v))
+    ""
+    (hk-map-from-list (list (list 3 "c") (list 1 "a") (list 2 "b"))))
+  "1a2b3c")
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-map-with-key: transforms values"
+  (hk-map-to-asc-list
+    (hk-map-map-with-key
+      (fn (k v) (* k v))
+      (hk-map-from-list (list (list 2 10) (list 3 100)))))
+  (list (list 2 20) (list 3 300)))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-filter-with-key: keeps matches"
+  (hk-map-keys
+    (hk-map-filter-with-key
+      (fn (k v) (> k 1))
+      (hk-map-from-list (list (list 1 "a") (list 2 "b") (list 3 "c")))))
+  (list 2 3))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-adjust: applies f to existing"
+  (hk-map-lookup
+    1
+    (hk-map-adjust (fn (v) (* v 10)) 1 (hk-map-singleton 1 5)))
+  (list "Just" 50))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-insert-with: combines on existing"
+  (hk-map-lookup 1 (hk-map-insert-with + 1 5 (hk-map-singleton 1 10)))
+  (list "Just" 15))
+
+(hk-test
+  "hk-map-alter: Nothing → delete"
+  (hk-map-size
+    (hk-map-alter
+      (fn (mv) (list "Nothing"))
+      1
+      (hk-map-from-list (list (list 1 "a") (list 2 "b")))))
+  1)
+
+;; ── Haskell-level (Map.*) via import wiring ─────────────────
+(hk-test
+  "Map.size after Map.insert chain"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.Map as Map\nmain = Map.size (Map.insert 2 \"b\" (Map.insert 1 \"a\" Map.empty))"))
+  2)
+
+(hk-test
+  "Map.lookup hit"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.Map as Map\nmain = Map.lookup 1 (Map.insert 1 \"a\" Map.empty)"))
+  (list "Just" "a"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "Map.lookup miss"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.Map as Map\nmain = Map.lookup 99 (Map.insert 1 \"a\" Map.empty)"))
+  (list "Nothing"))
+
+(hk-test
+  "Map.member true"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run
+      "import qualified Data.Map as Map\nmain = Map.member 5 (Map.insert 5 \"x\" Map.empty)"))
+  (list "True"))
+
+{:fails hk-test-fails :pass hk-test-pass :fail hk-test-fail}

lib/haskell/tests/numerics.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+;; numerics.sx — Phase 10 numeric tower verification.
+;;
+;; Practical integer-precision limit in Haskell-on-SX:
+;;   • Raw SX `(* a b)` stays exact up to ±2^62 (≈ 4.6e18, OCaml int63).
+;;   • BUT the Haskell tokenizer/parser parses an integer literal as a float
+;;     once it exceeds 2^53 (≈ 9.007e15). Once any operand is a float, the
+;;     binop result is a float (and decimal-precision is lost past 2^53).
+;;   • Therefore: programs that stay below ~9e15 are exact; larger literals
+;;     or accumulated products silently become floats. `factorial 18` is the
+;;     last factorial that stays exact (6.4e15); `factorial 19` already floats.
+;;
+;; In Haskell terms, `Int` and `Integer` both currently map to SX number, so
+;; we don't yet support arbitrary-precision Integer. Documented; unbounded
+;; Integer is out of scope for Phase 10 — see Phase 11+ if it becomes needed.
+
+(define
+  hk-as-list
+  (fn
+    (xs)
+    (cond
+      ((and (list? xs) (= (first xs) "[]")) (list))
+      ((and (list? xs) (= (first xs) ":"))
+        (cons (nth xs 1) (hk-as-list (nth xs 2))))
+      (:else xs))))
+
+(hk-test
+  "factorial 10 = 3628800 (small, exact)"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run "fact 0 = 1\nfact n = n * fact (n - 1)\nmain = fact 10"))
+  3628800)
+
+(hk-test
+  "factorial 15 = 1307674368000 (mid-range, exact)"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run "fact 0 = 1\nfact n = n * fact (n - 1)\nmain = fact 15"))
+  1307674368000)
+
+(hk-test
+  "factorial 18 = 6402373705728000 (last exact factorial)"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run "fact 0 = 1\nfact n = n * fact (n - 1)\nmain = fact 18"))
+  6402373705728000)
+
+(hk-test
+  "1000000 * 1000000 = 10^12 (exact)"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = 1000000 * 1000000"))
+  1000000000000)
+
+(hk-test
+  "1000000000 * 1000000000 = 10^18 (exact, at boundary)"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = 1000000000 * 1000000000"))
+  1e+18)
+
+(hk-test
+  "2^62 boundary: pow accumulates exactly"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run "pow b 0 = 1\npow b n = b * pow b (n - 1)\nmain = pow 2 62"))
+  4.6116860184273879e+18)
+
+(hk-test
+  "show factorial 12 = 479001600 (whole, fits in 32-bit)"
+  (hk-deep-force
+    (hk-run "fact 0 = 1\nfact n = n * fact (n - 1)\nmain = show (fact 12)"))
+  "479001600")
+
+(hk-test
+  "negate large positive — preserves magnitude"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = negate 1000000000000000000"))
+  -1e+18)
+
+(hk-test
+  "abs negative large — preserves magnitude"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = abs (negate 1000000000000000000)"))
+  1e+18)
+
+(hk-test
+  "div on large ints"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = div 1000000000000000000 1000000000"))
+  1000000000)
+
+(hk-test
+  "fromIntegral 42 = 42 (identity in our runtime)"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = fromIntegral 42"))
+  42)
+
+(hk-test
+  "fromIntegral preserves negative"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = fromIntegral (negate 7)"))
+  -7)
+
+(hk-test
+  "fromIntegral round-trips through arithmetic"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = fromIntegral 5 + fromIntegral 3"))
+  8)
+
+(hk-test
+  "fromIntegral in a program (mixing with map)"
+  (hk-as-list (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = map fromIntegral [1,2,3]")))
+  (list 1 2 3))
+
+(hk-test
+  "toInteger 100 = 100 (identity)"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = toInteger 100"))
+  100)
+
+(hk-test
+  "fromInteger 7 = 7 (identity)"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = fromInteger 7"))
+  7)
+
+(hk-test
+  "toInteger / fromInteger round-trip"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = fromInteger (toInteger 42)"))
+  42)
+
+(hk-test
+  "toInteger preserves negative"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = toInteger (negate 13)"))
+  -13)
+
+(hk-test
+  "show 3.14 = 3.14"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = show 3.14"))
+  "3.14")
+
+(hk-test
+  "show 1.0e10 — whole-valued float renders as decimal (int/float ambiguity)"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = show 1.0e10"))
+  "10000000000")
+
+(hk-test
+  "show 0.001 uses scientific form (sub-0.1)"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = show 0.001"))
+  "1.0e-3")
+
+(hk-test
+  "show negative float"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = show (negate 3.14)"))
+  "-3.14")
+
+(hk-test "sqrt 16 = 4" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = sqrt 16")) 4)
+
+(hk-test "floor 3.7 = 3" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = floor 3.7")) 3)
+
+(hk-test "ceiling 3.2 = 4" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = ceiling 3.2")) 4)
+
+(hk-test
+  "ceiling on whole = self"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = ceiling 4"))
+  4)
+
+(hk-test "round 2.6 = 3" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = round 2.6")) 3)
+
+(hk-test
+  "truncate -3.7 = -3"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = truncate (negate 3.7)"))
+  -3)
+
+(hk-test "recip 4.0 = 0.25" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = recip 4.0")) 0.25)
+
+(hk-test "1.0 / 4.0 = 0.25" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = 1.0 / 4.0")) 0.25)
+
+(hk-test
+  "fromRational 0.5 = 0.5 (identity)"
+  (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = fromRational 0.5"))
+  0.5)
+
+(hk-test "pi ≈ 3.14159" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = pi")) 3.14159)
+
+(hk-test "exp 0 = 1" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = exp 0")) 1)
+
+(hk-test "sin 0 = 0" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = sin 0")) 0)
+
+(hk-test "cos 0 = 1" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = cos 0")) 1)
+
+(hk-test "2 ** 10 = 1024" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = 2 ** 10")) 1024)
+
+(hk-test "log (exp 5) ≈ 5" (hk-deep-force (hk-run "main = log (exp 5)")) 5)
+
+{:fails hk-test-fails :pass hk-test-pass :fail hk-test-fail}