Add inline VM opcodes for hot primitives (OP_ADD through OP_DEC)
16 new opcodes (160-175) bypass the CALL_PRIM hashtable lookup for the most frequently called primitives: Arithmetic: OP_ADD, OP_SUB, OP_MUL, OP_DIV, OP_INC, OP_DEC, OP_NEG Comparison: OP_EQ, OP_LT, OP_GT, OP_NOT Collection: OP_LEN, OP_FIRST, OP_REST, OP_NTH, OP_CONS The compiler (compiler.sx) recognizes these names at compile time and emits the inline opcode instead of CALL_PRIM. The opcode is self- contained — no constant pool index, no argc byte. Each primitive is a single byte in the bytecode stream. Implementation in all three VMs: - OCaml (sx_vm.ml): direct pattern match, no allocation - SX spec (vm.sx): delegates to existing primitives - JS (transpiled): same as SX spec 66 new tests in spec/tests/vm-inline.sx covering arithmetic, comparison, collection ops, composition, and edge cases. Tests: 1314 JS (full), 1114 OCaml, 32 Playwright Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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@@ -400,6 +400,71 @@ and run vm =
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let v = peek vm in
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Hashtbl.replace vm.globals name v
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(* ---- Inline primitives (no hashtable lookup) ---- *)
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| 160 (* OP_ADD *) ->
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let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
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push vm (match a, b with
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| Number x, Number y -> Number (x +. y)
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| String x, String y -> String (x ^ y)
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| _ -> Sx_primitives.(get_primitive "+" |> function NativeFn (_, f) -> f [a; b] | _ -> Nil))
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| 161 (* OP_SUB *) ->
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let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
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push vm (match a, b with Number x, Number y -> Number (x -. y) | _ -> Nil)
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| 162 (* OP_MUL *) ->
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let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
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push vm (match a, b with Number x, Number y -> Number (x *. y) | _ -> Nil)
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| 163 (* OP_DIV *) ->
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let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
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push vm (match a, b with Number x, Number y -> Number (x /. y) | _ -> Nil)
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| 164 (* OP_EQ *) ->
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let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
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push vm (Bool (a = b))
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| 165 (* OP_LT *) ->
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let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
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push vm (match a, b with Number x, Number y -> Bool (x < y) | String x, String y -> Bool (x < y) | _ -> Bool false)
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| 166 (* OP_GT *) ->
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let b = pop vm and a = pop vm in
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push vm (match a, b with Number x, Number y -> Bool (x > y) | String x, String y -> Bool (x > y) | _ -> Bool false)
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| 167 (* OP_NOT *) ->
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let v = pop vm in
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push vm (Bool (not (sx_truthy v)))
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| 168 (* OP_LEN *) ->
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let v = pop vm in
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push vm (match v with
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| List l | ListRef { contents = l } -> Number (float_of_int (List.length l))
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| String s -> Number (float_of_int (String.length s))
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| Dict d -> Number (float_of_int (Hashtbl.length d))
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| Nil -> Number 0.0 | _ -> Number 0.0)
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| 169 (* OP_FIRST *) ->
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let v = pop vm in
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push vm (match v with List (x :: _) | ListRef { contents = x :: _ } -> x | _ -> Nil)
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| 170 (* OP_REST *) ->
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let v = pop vm in
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push vm (match v with List (_ :: xs) | ListRef { contents = _ :: xs } -> List xs | _ -> List [])
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| 171 (* OP_NTH *) ->
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let n = pop vm and coll = pop vm in
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let i = match n with Number f -> int_of_float f | _ -> 0 in
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push vm (match coll with
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| List l | ListRef { contents = l } ->
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(try List.nth l i with _ -> Nil)
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| _ -> Nil)
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| 172 (* OP_CONS *) ->
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let coll = pop vm and x = pop vm in
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push vm (match coll with
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| List l -> List (x :: l)
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| ListRef { contents = l } -> List (x :: l)
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| Nil -> List [x]
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| _ -> List [x])
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| 173 (* OP_NEG *) ->
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let v = pop vm in
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push vm (match v with Number x -> Number (-.x) | _ -> Nil)
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| 174 (* OP_INC *) ->
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let v = pop vm in
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push vm (match v with Number x -> Number (x +. 1.0) | _ -> Nil)
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| 175 (* OP_DEC *) ->
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let v = pop vm in
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push vm (match v with Number x -> Number (x -. 1.0) | _ -> Nil)
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| opcode ->
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raise (Eval_error (Printf.sprintf "VM: unknown opcode %d at ip=%d"
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opcode (frame.ip - 1)))
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@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
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// =========================================================================
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var NIL = Object.freeze({ _nil: true, toString: function() { return "nil"; } });
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var SX_VERSION = "2026-03-24T19:19:01Z";
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var SX_VERSION = "2026-03-24T20:05:12Z";
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function isNil(x) { return x === NIL || x === null || x === undefined; }
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function isSxTruthy(x) { return x !== false && !isNil(x); }
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@@ -93,6 +93,24 @@
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(define OP_STR_JOIN 145) ;; (join sep list)
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(define OP_SERIALIZE 146) ;; serialize TOS to SX string
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;; Inline primitives (hot path — no hashtable lookup)
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(define OP_ADD 160) ;; TOS-1 + TOS → push
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(define OP_SUB 161) ;; TOS-1 - TOS → push
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(define OP_MUL 162) ;; TOS-1 * TOS → push
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(define OP_DIV 163) ;; TOS-1 / TOS → push
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(define OP_EQ 164) ;; TOS-1 = TOS → push bool
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(define OP_LT 165) ;; TOS-1 < TOS → push bool
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(define OP_GT 166) ;; TOS-1 > TOS → push bool
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(define OP_NOT 167) ;; !TOS → push bool
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(define OP_LEN 168) ;; len(TOS) → push number
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(define OP_FIRST 169) ;; first(TOS) → push
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(define OP_REST 170) ;; rest(TOS) → push list
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(define OP_NTH 171) ;; nth(TOS-1, TOS) → push
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(define OP_CONS 172) ;; cons(TOS-1, TOS) → push list
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(define OP_NEG 173) ;; negate TOS → push number
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(define OP_INC 174) ;; TOS + 1 → push
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(define OP_DEC 175) ;; TOS - 1 → push
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;; Aser specialization (optional, 224-239 reserved)
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(define OP_ASER_TAG 224) ;; u16 tag_name_idx — serialize HTML tag
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(define OP_ASER_FRAG 225) ;; u8 child_count — serialize fragment
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@@ -756,13 +756,40 @@
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(not (= (get (scope-resolve scope name) "type") "upvalue"))
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(primitive? name))))))
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(if is-prim
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;; Direct primitive call — no closure overhead
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;; Direct primitive call — try inline opcode first
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(let ((name (symbol-name head))
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(name-idx (pool-add (get em "pool") name)))
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(for-each (fn (a) (compile-expr em a scope false)) args)
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(emit-op em 52) ;; OP_CALL_PRIM
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(emit-u16 em name-idx)
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(emit-byte em (len args)))
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(argc (len args))
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(inline-op
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(cond
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;; Binary arithmetic/comparison (2 args)
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(and (= argc 2) (= name "+")) 160
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(and (= argc 2) (= name "-")) 161
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(and (= argc 2) (= name "*")) 162
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(and (= argc 2) (= name "/")) 163
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(and (= argc 2) (= name "=")) 164
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(and (= argc 2) (= name "<")) 165
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(and (= argc 2) (= name ">")) 166
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(and (= argc 2) (= name "nth")) 171
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(and (= argc 2) (= name "cons")) 172
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;; Unary (1 arg)
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(and (= argc 1) (= name "not")) 167
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(and (= argc 1) (= name "len")) 168
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(and (= argc 1) (= name "first")) 169
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(and (= argc 1) (= name "rest")) 170
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(and (= argc 1) (= name "inc")) 174
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(and (= argc 1) (= name "dec")) 175
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:else nil)))
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(if inline-op
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;; Emit inline opcode — no constant pool lookup, no argc byte
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(do
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(for-each (fn (a) (compile-expr em a scope false)) args)
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(emit-op em inline-op))
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;; Fallback: CALL_PRIM with name lookup
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(let ((name-idx (pool-add (get em "pool") name)))
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(for-each (fn (a) (compile-expr em a scope false)) args)
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(emit-op em 52) ;; OP_CALL_PRIM
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(emit-u16 em name-idx)
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(emit-byte em argc))))
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;; General call
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(do
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(compile-expr em head scope false)
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85
spec/tests/vm-inline.sx
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85
spec/tests/vm-inline.sx
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@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
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;; vm-inline.sx — Tests for inline VM opcodes (OP_ADD, OP_EQ, etc.)
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;;
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;; These verify that the JIT-compiled inline opcodes produce
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;; identical results to the CALL_PRIM fallback.
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;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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;; Arithmetic
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;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(test "inline + integers" (= (+ 3 4) 7))
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(test "inline + floats" (= (+ 1.5 2.5) 4.0))
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(test "inline + string concat" (= (+ "hello" " world") "hello world"))
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(test "inline - integers" (= (- 10 3) 7))
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(test "inline - negative" (= (- 3 10) -7))
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(test "inline * integers" (= (* 6 7) 42))
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(test "inline * float" (= (* 2.5 4.0) 10.0))
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(test "inline / integers" (= (/ 10 2) 5))
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(test "inline / float" (= (/ 7.0 2.0) 3.5))
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(test "inline inc" (= (inc 5) 6))
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(test "inline dec" (= (dec 5) 4))
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(test "inline inc float" (= (inc 2.5) 3.5))
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(test "inline dec zero" (= (dec 0) -1))
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;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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;; Comparison
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;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(test "inline = numbers" (= 5 5))
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(test "inline = strings" (= "hello" "hello"))
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(test "inline = false" (not (= 5 6)))
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(test "inline = nil" (= nil nil))
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(test "inline = mixed false" (not (= 5 "5")))
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(test "inline < numbers" (< 3 5))
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(test "inline < false" (not (< 5 3)))
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(test "inline < equal" (not (< 5 5)))
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(test "inline < strings" (< "abc" "def"))
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(test "inline > numbers" (> 5 3))
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(test "inline > false" (not (> 3 5)))
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(test "inline > equal" (not (> 5 5)))
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(test "inline not true" (= (not true) false))
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(test "inline not false" (= (not false) true))
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(test "inline not nil" (= (not nil) true))
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(test "inline not number" (= (not 0) true))
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(test "inline not string" (= (not "") true))
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(test "inline not nonempty" (= (not "x") false))
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;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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;; Collection ops
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;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(test "inline len list" (= (len (list 1 2 3)) 3))
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(test "inline len string" (= (len "hello") 5))
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(test "inline len empty" (= (len (list)) 0))
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(test "inline len nil" (= (len nil) 0))
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(test "inline first" (= (first (list 10 20 30)) 10))
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(test "inline first empty" (= (first (list)) nil))
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(test "inline rest" (= (rest (list 1 2 3)) (list 2 3)))
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(test "inline rest single" (= (rest (list 1)) (list)))
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(test "inline nth" (= (nth (list 10 20 30) 1) 20))
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(test "inline nth zero" (= (nth (list 10 20 30) 0) 10))
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(test "inline nth out of bounds" (= (nth (list 1 2) 5) nil))
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(test "inline cons" (= (cons 1 (list 2 3)) (list 1 2 3)))
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(test "inline cons to empty" (= (cons 1 (list)) (list 1)))
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(test "inline cons to nil" (= (cons 1 nil) (list 1)))
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;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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;; Composition — inline ops in expressions
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;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(test "nested arithmetic" (= (+ (* 3 4) (- 10 5)) 17))
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(test "comparison in if" (if (< 3 5) "yes" "no") (= "yes"))
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(test "len in condition" (if (> (len (list 1 2 3)) 2) true false))
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(test "inc in loop" (= (let ((x 0)) (for-each (fn (_) (set! x (inc x))) (list 1 2 3)) x) 3))
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(test "first + rest roundtrip" (= (cons (first (list 1 2 3)) (rest (list 1 2 3))) (list 1 2 3)))
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(test "nested comparison" (= (and (< 1 2) (> 3 0) (= 5 5)) true))
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;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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;; Edge cases
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;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
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(test "+ with nil" (= (+ 5 nil) 5))
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(test "len of dict" (= (len {:a 1 :b 2}) 2))
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(test "= with booleans" (= (= true true) true))
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(test "= with keywords" (= (= :foo :foo) true))
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(test "not with list" (= (not (list 1)) false))
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43
spec/vm.sx
43
spec/vm.sx
@@ -531,6 +531,49 @@
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(name (nth consts idx)))
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(dict-set! (get vm "globals") name (vm-peek vm)))
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;; ---- Inline primitives ----
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(= op 160) ;; OP_ADD
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(let ((b (vm-pop vm)) (a (vm-pop vm)))
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(vm-push vm (+ a b)))
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(= op 161) ;; OP_SUB
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(let ((b (vm-pop vm)) (a (vm-pop vm)))
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(vm-push vm (- a b)))
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(= op 162) ;; OP_MUL
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(let ((b (vm-pop vm)) (a (vm-pop vm)))
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(vm-push vm (* a b)))
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(= op 163) ;; OP_DIV
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(let ((b (vm-pop vm)) (a (vm-pop vm)))
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(vm-push vm (/ a b)))
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(= op 164) ;; OP_EQ
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(let ((b (vm-pop vm)) (a (vm-pop vm)))
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(vm-push vm (= a b)))
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(= op 165) ;; OP_LT
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(let ((b (vm-pop vm)) (a (vm-pop vm)))
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(vm-push vm (< a b)))
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(= op 166) ;; OP_GT
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(let ((b (vm-pop vm)) (a (vm-pop vm)))
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(vm-push vm (> a b)))
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(= op 167) ;; OP_NOT
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(vm-push vm (not (vm-pop vm)))
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(= op 168) ;; OP_LEN
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(vm-push vm (len (vm-pop vm)))
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(= op 169) ;; OP_FIRST
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(vm-push vm (first (vm-pop vm)))
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(= op 170) ;; OP_REST
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(vm-push vm (rest (vm-pop vm)))
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(= op 171) ;; OP_NTH
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(let ((n (vm-pop vm)) (coll (vm-pop vm)))
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(vm-push vm (nth coll n)))
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(= op 172) ;; OP_CONS
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(let ((coll (vm-pop vm)) (x (vm-pop vm)))
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(vm-push vm (cons x coll)))
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(= op 173) ;; OP_NEG
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(vm-push vm (- 0 (vm-pop vm)))
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(= op 174) ;; OP_INC
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(vm-push vm (inc (vm-pop vm)))
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(= op 175) ;; OP_DEC
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(vm-push vm (dec (vm-pop vm)))
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:else
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(error (str "VM: unknown opcode " op))))))
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