datalog: anonymous _ in negation is existential, not unbound

The canonical Datalog idiom for "no X has any Y":

  orphan(X) :- person(X), not(parent(X, _)).

was rejected by the safety check with "negation refers to unbound
variable(s) (\"_anon1\")". The parser renames each anonymous `_`
to a fresh `_anon*` symbol so multiple `_` occurrences don't unify
with each other, and the negation safety walk then demanded all
free vars in the negated lit be bound by an earlier positive body
lit — including the renamed anonymous vars.

Anonymous vars in a negation are existentially quantified within
the negation, not requirements from outside. Added dl-non-anon-vars
to strip `_anon*` names from the `needed` set before the binding
check in dl-process-neg!. Real vars (like `X` in the orphan idiom)
still must be bound by an earlier positive body lit, just as before.

2 new regression tests (orphan idiom + multi-anon "solo" pattern);
conformance 273/273.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

lib/datalog/builtins.sx

@@ -179,6 +179,27 @@
           vs)
         out))))
 
+;; Filter a list of variable-name strings to exclude anonymous-renamed
+;; vars (`_` in source → `_anon*` by dl-rename-anon-term). Used by
+;; the negation safety check, where anonymous vars are existential
+;; within the negated literal.
+(define
+  dl-non-anon-vars
+  (fn
+    (vs)
+    (let
+      ((out (list)))
+      (do
+        (for-each
+          (fn
+            (v)
+            (when
+              (not (and (>= (len v) 5)
+                        (= (slice v 0 5) "_anon")))
+              (append! out v)))
+          vs)
+        out))))
+
 (define
   dl-rule-check-safety
   (fn
@@ -282,8 +303,14 @@
                      ((and (list? inner) (> (len inner) 0))
                        (dl-rel-name inner))
                      (else nil)))
-                  (needed (dl-vars-of inner))
+                  ;; Anonymous variables (`_` in source → `_anon*` after
-                  (missing (dl-vars-not-in (dl-vars-of inner) bound)))
+                  ;; renaming) are existentially quantified within the
+                  ;; negated literal — they don't need to be bound by
+                  ;; an earlier body lit, since `not p(X, _)` is a
+                  ;; valid idiom for "no Y exists s.t. p(X, Y)". Filter
+                  ;; them out of the safety check.
+                  (needed (dl-non-anon-vars (dl-vars-of inner)))
+                  (missing (dl-vars-not-in needed bound)))
                 (cond
                   ((and (not (nil? inner-rn)) (dl-reserved-rel? inner-rn))
                     (set! err

lib/datalog/scoreboard.json

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 {
   "lang": "datalog",
-  "total_passed": 271,
+  "total_passed": 273,
   "total_failed": 0,
-  "total": 271,
+  "total": 273,
   "suites": [
     {"name":"tokenize","passed":31,"failed":0,"total":31},
     {"name":"parse","passed":23,"failed":0,"total":23},
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@
     {"name":"eval","passed":42,"failed":0,"total":42},
     {"name":"builtins","passed":26,"failed":0,"total":26},
     {"name":"semi_naive","passed":8,"failed":0,"total":8},
-    {"name":"negation","passed":10,"failed":0,"total":10},
+    {"name":"negation","passed":12,"failed":0,"total":12},
     {"name":"aggregates","passed":23,"failed":0,"total":23},
     {"name":"api","passed":22,"failed":0,"total":22},
     {"name":"magic","passed":36,"failed":0,"total":36},
     {"name":"demo","passed":21,"failed":0,"total":21}
   ],
-  "generated": "2026-05-11T08:44:12+00:00"
+  "generated": "2026-05-11T08:49:02+00:00"
 }

lib/datalog/scoreboard.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # datalog scoreboard
 
-**271 / 271 passing** (0 failure(s)).
+**273 / 273 passing** (0 failure(s)).
 
 | Suite | Passed | Total | Status |
 |-------|--------|-------|--------|
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 | eval | 42 | 42 | ok |
 | builtins | 26 | 26 | ok |
 | semi_naive | 8 | 8 | ok |
-| negation | 10 | 10 | ok |
+| negation | 12 | 12 | ok |
 | aggregates | 23 | 23 | ok |
 | api | 22 | 22 | ok |
 | magic | 36 | 36 | ok |

lib/datalog/tests/negation.sx

@@ -169,6 +169,27 @@
           (list (quote q) (quote X)))
         (list))
 
+      ;; Anonymous `_` in a negated literal is existentially quantified
+      ;; — it doesn't need to be bound by an earlier body lit. Without
+      ;; this exemption the safety check would reject the common idiom
+      ;; `orphan(X) :- person(X), not(parent(X, _))`.
+      (dl-nt-test-set! "negation with anonymous var — orphan idiom"
+        (dl-query
+          (dl-program
+            "person(a). person(b). person(c). parent(a, b).
+             orphan(X) :- person(X), not(parent(X, _)).")
+          (list (quote orphan) (quote X)))
+        (list {:X (quote b)} {:X (quote c)}))
+
+      ;; Multiple anonymous vars are each independently existential.
+      (dl-nt-test-set! "negation with multiple anonymous vars"
+        (dl-query
+          (dl-program
+            "u(a). u(b). u(c). edge(a, x). edge(b, y).
+             solo(X) :- u(X), not(edge(X, _)).")
+          (list (quote solo) (quote X)))
+        (list {:X (quote c)}))
+
       ;; Stratifiability checks.
       (dl-nt-test! "non-stratifiable rejected"
         (dl-nt-throws?

plans/datalog-on-sx.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ for rose-ash data (e.g. federation graph, content relationships).
 
 ## Status (rolling)
 
-`bash lib/datalog/conformance.sh` → **271/271 across 11 suites**
+`bash lib/datalog/conformance.sh` → **273/273 across 11 suites**
 (tokenize, parse, unify, eval, builtins, semi_naive, negation, aggregates,
 api, magic, demo). Source is ~3100 LOC, tests ~2900 LOC, public API
 documented in `lib/datalog/datalog.sx`.
@@ -320,6 +320,18 @@ large graphs.
 
 _Newest first._
 
+- 2026-05-11 — Anonymous `_` in a negated literal was incorrectly
+  flagged by the safety check. The canonical idiom
+  `orphan(X) :- person(X), not(parent(X, _))` was rejected with
+  "negation refers to unbound variable(s) (\"_anon1\")" because the
+  parser renames each `_` to a fresh `_anon*` symbol and the negation
+  safety walk demanded all vars in the negated lit be bound by an
+  earlier positive body literal. Anonymous vars in negation are
+  existentially quantified — they shouldn't need outer binding.
+  Added `dl-non-anon-vars` filter; `dl-process-neg!` now strips
+  `_anon*` names from `needed` before the binding check. 2 new
+  regression tests; 273/273.
+
 - 2026-05-11 — Compound terms in fact-arg / rule-head positions were
   silently stored as unreduced expressions. `p(+(1, 2)).` resulted
   in a tuple `(p (+ 1 2))` (dl-ground? sees no free variables, so it