spec: format — CL-style string formatting (~a ~s ~d ~x ~o ~b ~f ~% ~& ~~ ~t)

28 tests, passes on both JS and OCaml.
- spec/stdlib.sx: pure SX format function
- spec/primitives.sx: format primitive declaration
- lib/r7rs.sx: fix number->string to support optional radix arg
- hosts/ocaml: add format-decimal primitive, load stdlib.sx in test runner
- hosts/javascript: load stdlib.sx in test runner

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

hosts/javascript/run_tests.js

@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ if (fs.existsSync(swapPath)) {
 }
 
 // Load spec library files (define-library modules imported by tests)
-for (const libFile of ["signals.sx", "coroutines.sx"]) {
+for (const libFile of ["stdlib.sx", "signals.sx", "coroutines.sx"]) {
   const libPath = path.join(projectDir, "spec", libFile);
   if (fs.existsSync(libPath)) {
     const libSrc = fs.readFileSync(libPath, "utf8");

hosts/ocaml/bin/run_tests.ml

@@ -2872,6 +2872,7 @@ let run_spec_tests env test_files =
       match sx_vm_execute with
       | Some fn -> Sx_ref.cek_call fn (List args)
       | None -> Nil)));
+  load_module "stdlib.sx" spec_dir;   (* pure SX stdlib: format etc. *)
   load_module "signals.sx" spec_dir;  (* core reactive primitives *)
   load_module "signals.sx" web_dir;   (* web extensions *)
   load_module "freeze.sx" lib_dir;

hosts/ocaml/lib/sx_primitives.ml

@@ -2806,6 +2806,13 @@ let () =
     match args with
     | [v] -> String (sx_display_val v)
     | _ -> raise (Eval_error "display-to-string: 1 arg"));
+  register "format-decimal" (fun args ->
+    match args with
+    | [Integer n; Integer prec] -> String (Printf.sprintf "%.*f" prec (float_of_int n))
+    | [Number n;  Integer prec] -> String (Printf.sprintf "%.*f" prec n)
+    | [Integer n; _] -> String (Printf.sprintf "%.6f" (float_of_int n))
+    | [Number n;  _] -> String (Printf.sprintf "%.6f" n)
+    | _ -> raise (Eval_error "format-decimal: expected number precision"));
   register "current-input-port"  (fun _ -> Nil);
   register "current-output-port" (fun _ -> Nil);
   register "current-error-port"  (fun _ -> Nil);

lib/r7rs.sx

@@ -73,7 +73,10 @@
 
 (define string->symbol make-symbol)
 
-(define number->string (fn (n) (str n)))
+(define number->string
+  (let ((prim-n->s number->string))
+    (fn (n &rest r)
+      (if (nil? r) (str n) (prim-n->s n (first r))))))
 
 (define
   string->number

spec/primitives.sx

@@ -1326,3 +1326,9 @@
   :params ((lst :as list))
   :returns "bytevector"
   :doc "Build a bytevector from a list of byte integers 0-255.")
+
+(define-primitive
+  "format"
+  :params ((template :as string) &rest args)
+  :returns "string"
+  :doc "CL-style format string. Directives: ~a display, ~s write, ~d decimal, ~x hex, ~o octal, ~b binary, ~f fixed-point, ~e scientific, ~% newline, ~& fresh-line, ~~ tilde, ~t tab. Optional first arg: output-port.")

spec/stdlib.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+;; ==========================================================================
+;; stdlib.sx — Pure SX standard library functions
+;;
+;; Loaded by test runners after primitives. These functions are implemented
+;; in SX and require no host-specific code.
+;;
+;; IMPORTANT: SX let/when bodies evaluate only the LAST expression.
+;;   Multi-step bodies must be wrapped in (do expr1 expr2 ...).
+;; ==========================================================================
+
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+;; format — CL-style string formatting
+;;
+;; Directives:
+;;   ~a  display (no quotes)       ~s  write (with quotes)
+;;   ~d  decimal  ~x  hex  ~o  octal  ~b  binary
+;;   ~f  fixed-point (6dp)          ~%  newline
+;;   ~&  fresh line                 ~~  literal tilde
+;;   ~t  tab
+;;
+;; Signature: (format template arg...) -> string
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(define
+  (format template &rest args)
+  (let
+    ((buf (make-string-buffer)) (n (string-length template)))
+    (define
+      (consume-arg args)
+      (if
+        (nil? args)
+        (list "" nil)
+        (list (display-to-string (first args)) (rest args))))
+    (define
+      (consume-num args radix)
+      (if
+        (nil? args)
+        (list "" nil)
+        (list (number->string (first args) radix) (rest args))))
+    (define
+      (loop i args)
+      (cond
+        ((>= i n) (string-buffer->string buf))
+        ((and (= (substring template i (+ i 1)) "~") (< (+ i 1) n))
+          (let
+            ((dir (substring template (+ i 1) (+ i 2))))
+            (cond
+              ((= dir "a")
+                (let
+                  ((p (consume-arg args)))
+                  (do
+                    (string-buffer-append! buf (first p))
+                    (loop (+ i 2) (first (rest p))))))
+              ((= dir "s")
+                (if
+                  (nil? args)
+                  (loop (+ i 2) args)
+                  (do
+                    (string-buffer-append!
+                      buf
+                      (write-to-string (first args)))
+                    (loop (+ i 2) (rest args)))))
+              ((= dir "d")
+                (let
+                  ((p (consume-num args 10)))
+                  (do
+                    (string-buffer-append! buf (first p))
+                    (loop (+ i 2) (first (rest p))))))
+              ((= dir "x")
+                (let
+                  ((p (consume-num args 16)))
+                  (do
+                    (string-buffer-append! buf (first p))
+                    (loop (+ i 2) (first (rest p))))))
+              ((= dir "o")
+                (let
+                  ((p (consume-num args 8)))
+                  (do
+                    (string-buffer-append! buf (first p))
+                    (loop (+ i 2) (first (rest p))))))
+              ((= dir "b")
+                (let
+                  ((p (consume-num args 2)))
+                  (do
+                    (string-buffer-append! buf (first p))
+                    (loop (+ i 2) (first (rest p))))))
+              ((= dir "f")
+                (if
+                  (nil? args)
+                  (loop (+ i 2) args)
+                  (do
+                    (string-buffer-append!
+                      buf
+                      (format-decimal (first args) 6))
+                    (loop (+ i 2) (rest args)))))
+              ((= dir "%")
+                (do
+                  (string-buffer-append! buf "\n")
+                  (loop (+ i 2) args)))
+              ((= dir "&")
+                (do
+                  (let
+                    ((so-far (string-buffer->string buf)))
+                    (when
+                      (or
+                        (= (string-length so-far) 0)
+                        (not
+                          (=
+                            (substring
+                              so-far
+                              (- (string-length so-far) 1)
+                              (string-length so-far))
+                            "\n")))
+                      (string-buffer-append! buf "\n")))
+                  (loop (+ i 2) args)))
+              ((= dir "~")
+                (do
+                  (string-buffer-append! buf "~")
+                  (loop (+ i 2) args)))
+              ((= dir "t")
+                (do
+                  (string-buffer-append! buf "\t")
+                  (loop (+ i 2) args)))
+              (else
+                (do
+                  (string-buffer-append! buf "~")
+                  (loop (+ i 1) args))))))
+        (else
+          (do
+            (string-buffer-append!
+              buf
+              (substring template i (+ i 1)))
+            (loop (+ i 1) args)))))
+    (loop 0 args)))

spec/tests/test-format.sx

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+;; ==========================================================================
+;; test-format.sx — Tests for CL-style format function
+;; ==========================================================================
+
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+;; basic directives
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(defsuite
+  "format:basic"
+  (deftest "format returns string" (assert (string? (format "hello"))))
+  (deftest
+    "format no directives"
+    (assert= (format "hello world") "hello world"))
+  (deftest "format empty template" (assert= (format "") ""))
+  (deftest "~a display string" (assert= (format "~a" "hello") "hello"))
+  (deftest "~a display number" (assert= (format "~a" 42) "42"))
+  (deftest "~a display nil" (assert= (format "~a" nil) "()"))
+  (deftest
+    "~s write string (with quotes)"
+    (assert= (format "~s" "hi") "\"hi\""))
+  (deftest "~s write number" (assert= (format "~s" 42) "42"))
+  (deftest
+    "multiple args"
+    (assert= (format "~a and ~a" "foo" "bar") "foo and bar")))
+
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+;; numeric directives
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(defsuite
+  "format:numeric"
+  (deftest "~d decimal" (assert= (format "~d" 255) "255"))
+  (deftest "~x hex" (assert= (format "~x" 255) "ff"))
+  (deftest "~o octal" (assert= (format "~o" 8) "10"))
+  (deftest "~b binary" (assert= (format "~b" 10) "1010"))
+  (deftest "~d zero" (assert= (format "~d" 0) "0"))
+  (deftest
+    "~x uppercase digits"
+    (assert= (format "value: ~x" 16) "value: 10")))
+
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+;; float directives
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(defsuite
+  "format:float"
+  (deftest "~f fixed point" (assert= (format "~f" 3.14) "3.140000"))
+  (deftest "~f zero" (assert= (format "~f" 0) "0.000000")))
+
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+;; control directives
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(defsuite
+  "format:control"
+  (deftest "~% newline" (assert= (format "a~%b") "a\nb"))
+  (deftest "~~ literal tilde" (assert= (format "100~~") "100~"))
+  (deftest "~t tab" (assert= (format "a~tb") "a\tb"))
+  (deftest "~& fresh line at start" (assert= (format "~&hello") "\nhello"))
+  (deftest
+    "~& no newline if already at newline"
+    (assert= (format "line~%~&next") "line\nnext")))
+
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+;; mixed / compound
+;; --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+(defsuite
+  "format:compound"
+  (deftest
+    "name and age"
+    (assert=
+      (format "Hello ~a, age ~d" "Alice" 30)
+      "Hello Alice, age 30"))
+  (deftest
+    "hex dump style"
+    (assert=
+      (format "~d = 0x~x = 0b~b" 10 10 10)
+      "10 = 0xa = 0b1010"))
+  (deftest "multiple newlines" (assert= (format "~%~%") "\n\n"))
+  (deftest "text with no args" (assert= (format "status: ok") "status: ok"))
+  (deftest
+    "tilde at end (unknown directive)"
+    (assert (string? (format "test~"))))
+  (deftest
+    "nested strings in ~a"
+    (assert=
+      (format "got: ~a" (list 1 2 3))
+      "got: (1 2 3)")))