"""
Effect processing backends.

Provides abstraction over different rendering backends:
- numpy: CPU-based, works everywhere, ~3-5 fps
- glsl: GPU-based, requires OpenGL, 30+ fps (future)
"""

import numpy as np
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from typing import List, Dict, Any, Optional
from pathlib import Path


class Backend(ABC):
    """Abstract base class for effect processing backends."""

    @abstractmethod
    def process_frame(
        self,
        frames: List[np.ndarray],
        effects_per_frame: List[List[Dict]],
        compositor_config: Dict,
        t: float,
        analysis_data: Dict,
    ) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Process multiple input frames through effects and composite.

        Args:
            frames: List of input frames (one per source)
            effects_per_frame: List of effect chains (one per source)
            compositor_config: How to blend the layers
            t: Current time in seconds
            analysis_data: Analysis data for binding resolution

        Returns:
            Composited output frame
        """
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def load_effect(self, effect_path: Path) -> Any:
        """Load an effect definition."""
        pass


class NumpyBackend(Backend):
    """
    CPU-based effect processing using NumPy.

    Uses existing sexp_effects interpreter for effect execution.
    Works on any system, but limited to ~3-5 fps for complex effects.
    """

    def __init__(self, recipe_dir: Path = None, minimal_primitives: bool = True):
        self.recipe_dir = recipe_dir or Path(".")
        self.minimal_primitives = minimal_primitives
        self._interpreter = None
        self._loaded_effects = {}

    def _get_interpreter(self):
        """Lazy-load the sexp interpreter."""
        if self._interpreter is None:
            from sexp_effects import get_interpreter
            self._interpreter = get_interpreter(minimal_primitives=self.minimal_primitives)
        return self._interpreter

    def load_effect(self, effect_path: Path) -> Any:
        """Load an effect from sexp file."""
        if isinstance(effect_path, str):
            effect_path = Path(effect_path)
        effect_key = str(effect_path)
        if effect_key not in self._loaded_effects:
            interp = self._get_interpreter()
            interp.load_effect(str(effect_path))
            self._loaded_effects[effect_key] = effect_path.stem
        return self._loaded_effects[effect_key]

    def _resolve_binding(self, value: Any, t: float, analysis_data: Dict) -> Any:
        """Resolve a parameter binding to its value at time t."""
        if not isinstance(value, dict):
            return value

        if "_binding" in value or "_bind" in value:
            source = value.get("source") or value.get("_bind")
            feature = value.get("feature", "values")
            range_map = value.get("range")

            track = analysis_data.get(source, {})
            times = track.get("times", [])
            values = track.get("values", [])

            if not times or not values:
                return 0.0

            # Find value at time t (linear interpolation)
            if t <= times[0]:
                val = values[0]
            elif t >= times[-1]:
                val = values[-1]
            else:
                # Binary search for bracket
                for i in range(len(times) - 1):
                    if times[i] <= t <= times[i + 1]:
                        alpha = (t - times[i]) / (times[i + 1] - times[i])
                        val = values[i] * (1 - alpha) + values[i + 1] * alpha
                        break
                else:
                    val = values[-1]

            # Apply range mapping
            if range_map and len(range_map) == 2:
                val = range_map[0] + val * (range_map[1] - range_map[0])

            return val

        return value

    def _apply_effect(
        self,
        frame: np.ndarray,
        effect_name: str,
        params: Dict,
        t: float,
        analysis_data: Dict,
    ) -> np.ndarray:
        """Apply a single effect to a frame."""
        # Resolve bindings in params
        resolved_params = {"_time": t}
        for key, value in params.items():
            if key in ("effect", "effect_path", "cid", "analysis_refs"):
                continue
            resolved_params[key] = self._resolve_binding(value, t, analysis_data)

        # Try fast native effects first
        result = self._apply_native_effect(frame, effect_name, resolved_params)
        if result is not None:
            return result

        # Fall back to sexp interpreter for complex effects
        interp = self._get_interpreter()
        if effect_name in interp.effects:
            result, _ = interp.run_effect(effect_name, frame, resolved_params, {})
            return result

        # Unknown effect - pass through
        return frame

    def _apply_native_effect(
        self,
        frame: np.ndarray,
        effect_name: str,
        params: Dict,
    ) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
        """Fast native numpy effects for real-time streaming."""
        import cv2

        if effect_name == "zoom":
            amount = float(params.get("amount", 1.0))
            if abs(amount - 1.0) < 0.01:
                return frame
            h, w = frame.shape[:2]
            # Crop center and resize
            new_w, new_h = int(w / amount), int(h / amount)
            x1, y1 = (w - new_w) // 2, (h - new_h) // 2
            cropped = frame[y1:y1+new_h, x1:x1+new_w]
            return cv2.resize(cropped, (w, h))

        elif effect_name == "rotate":
            angle = float(params.get("angle", 0))
            if abs(angle) < 0.5:
                return frame
            h, w = frame.shape[:2]
            center = (w // 2, h // 2)
            matrix = cv2.getRotationMatrix2D(center, angle, 1.0)
            return cv2.warpAffine(frame, matrix, (w, h))

        elif effect_name == "brightness":
            amount = float(params.get("amount", 1.0))
            return np.clip(frame * amount, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)

        elif effect_name == "invert":
            amount = float(params.get("amount", 1.0))
            if amount < 0.5:
                return frame
            return 255 - frame

        # Not a native effect
        return None

    def process_frame(
        self,
        frames: List[np.ndarray],
        effects_per_frame: List[List[Dict]],
        compositor_config: Dict,
        t: float,
        analysis_data: Dict,
    ) -> np.ndarray:
        """
        Process frames through effects and composite.
        """
        if not frames:
            return np.zeros((720, 1280, 3), dtype=np.uint8)

        processed = []

        # Apply effects to each input frame
        for i, (frame, effects) in enumerate(zip(frames, effects_per_frame)):
            result = frame.copy()
            for effect_config in effects:
                effect_name = effect_config.get("effect", "")
                if effect_name:
                    result = self._apply_effect(
                        result, effect_name, effect_config, t, analysis_data
                    )
            processed.append(result)

        # Composite layers
        if len(processed) == 1:
            return processed[0]

        return self._composite(processed, compositor_config, t, analysis_data)

    def _composite(
        self,
        frames: List[np.ndarray],
        config: Dict,
        t: float,
        analysis_data: Dict,
    ) -> np.ndarray:
        """Composite multiple frames into one."""
        mode = config.get("mode", "alpha")
        weights = config.get("weights", [1.0 / len(frames)] * len(frames))

        # Resolve weight bindings
        resolved_weights = []
        for w in weights:
            resolved_weights.append(self._resolve_binding(w, t, analysis_data))

        # Normalize weights
        total = sum(resolved_weights)
        if total > 0:
            resolved_weights = [w / total for w in resolved_weights]
        else:
            resolved_weights = [1.0 / len(frames)] * len(frames)

        # Resize frames to match first frame
        target_h, target_w = frames[0].shape[:2]
        resized = []
        for frame in frames:
            if frame.shape[:2] != (target_h, target_w):
                import cv2
                frame = cv2.resize(frame, (target_w, target_h))
            resized.append(frame.astype(np.float32))

        # Weighted blend
        result = np.zeros_like(resized[0])
        for frame, weight in zip(resized, resolved_weights):
            result += frame * weight

        return np.clip(result, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)


class WGPUBackend(Backend):
    """
    GPU-based effect processing using wgpu/WebGPU compute shaders.

    Compiles sexp effects to WGSL at load time, executes on GPU.
    Achieves 30+ fps real-time processing on supported hardware.

    Requirements:
        - wgpu-py library
        - Vulkan-capable GPU (or software renderer)
    """

    def __init__(self, recipe_dir: Path = None):
        self.recipe_dir = recipe_dir or Path(".")
        self._device = None
        self._loaded_effects: Dict[str, Any] = {}  # name -> compiled shader info
        self._numpy_fallback = NumpyBackend(recipe_dir)
        # Buffer pool for reuse - keyed by (width, height)
        self._buffer_pool: Dict[tuple, Dict] = {}

    def _ensure_device(self):
        """Lazy-initialize wgpu device."""
        if self._device is not None:
            return

        try:
            import wgpu
            adapter = wgpu.gpu.request_adapter_sync(power_preference="high-performance")
            self._device = adapter.request_device_sync()
            print(f"[WGPUBackend] Using GPU: {adapter.info.get('device', 'unknown')}")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"[WGPUBackend] GPU init failed: {e}, falling back to CPU")
            self._device = None

    def load_effect(self, effect_path: Path) -> Any:
        """Load and compile an effect from sexp file to WGSL."""
        effect_key = str(effect_path)
        if effect_key in self._loaded_effects:
            return self._loaded_effects[effect_key]

        try:
            from sexp_effects.wgsl_compiler import compile_effect_file
            compiled = compile_effect_file(str(effect_path))

            self._ensure_device()
            if self._device is None:
                # Fall back to numpy
                return self._numpy_fallback.load_effect(effect_path)

            # Create shader module
            import wgpu
            shader_module = self._device.create_shader_module(code=compiled.wgsl_code)

            # Create compute pipeline
            pipeline = self._device.create_compute_pipeline(
                layout="auto",
                compute={"module": shader_module, "entry_point": "main"}
            )

            self._loaded_effects[effect_key] = {
                'compiled': compiled,
                'pipeline': pipeline,
                'name': compiled.name,
            }
            return compiled.name

        except Exception as e:
            print(f"[WGPUBackend] Failed to compile {effect_path}: {e}")
            # Fall back to numpy for this effect
            return self._numpy_fallback.load_effect(effect_path)

    def _resolve_binding(self, value: Any, t: float, analysis_data: Dict) -> Any:
        """Resolve a parameter binding to its value at time t."""
        # Delegate to numpy backend's implementation
        return self._numpy_fallback._resolve_binding(value, t, analysis_data)

    def _get_or_create_buffers(self, w: int, h: int):
        """Get or create reusable buffers for given dimensions."""
        import wgpu

        key = (w, h)
        if key in self._buffer_pool:
            return self._buffer_pool[key]

        size = w * h * 4  # u32 per pixel

        # Create staging buffer for uploads (MAP_WRITE)
        staging_buffer = self._device.create_buffer(
            size=size,
            usage=wgpu.BufferUsage.MAP_WRITE | wgpu.BufferUsage.COPY_SRC,
            mapped_at_creation=False,
        )

        # Create input buffer (STORAGE, receives data from staging)
        input_buffer = self._device.create_buffer(
            size=size,
            usage=wgpu.BufferUsage.STORAGE | wgpu.BufferUsage.COPY_DST,
        )

        # Create output buffer (STORAGE + COPY_SRC for readback)
        output_buffer = self._device.create_buffer(
            size=size,
            usage=wgpu.BufferUsage.STORAGE | wgpu.BufferUsage.COPY_SRC,
        )

        # Params buffer (uniform, 256 bytes should be enough)
        params_buffer = self._device.create_buffer(
            size=256,
            usage=wgpu.BufferUsage.UNIFORM | wgpu.BufferUsage.COPY_DST,
        )

        self._buffer_pool[key] = {
            'staging': staging_buffer,
            'input': input_buffer,
            'output': output_buffer,
            'params': params_buffer,
            'size': size,
        }
        return self._buffer_pool[key]

    def _apply_effect_gpu(
        self,
        frame: np.ndarray,
        effect_name: str,
        params: Dict,
        t: float,
    ) -> Optional[np.ndarray]:
        """Apply effect using GPU. Returns None if GPU not available."""
        import wgpu

        # Find the loaded effect
        effect_info = None
        for key, info in self._loaded_effects.items():
            if info.get('name') == effect_name:
                effect_info = info
                break

        if effect_info is None or self._device is None:
            return None

        compiled = effect_info['compiled']
        pipeline = effect_info['pipeline']

        h, w = frame.shape[:2]

        # Get reusable buffers
        buffers = self._get_or_create_buffers(w, h)

        # Pack frame as u32 array (RGB -> packed u32)
        r = frame[:, :, 0].astype(np.uint32)
        g = frame[:, :, 1].astype(np.uint32)
        b = frame[:, :, 2].astype(np.uint32)
        packed = (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b
        input_data = packed.flatten().astype(np.uint32)

        # Upload input data via queue.write_buffer (more efficient than recreation)
        self._device.queue.write_buffer(buffers['input'], 0, input_data.tobytes())

        # Build params struct
        import struct
        param_values = [w, h]  # width, height as u32
        param_format = "II"  # two u32

        # Add time as f32
        param_values.append(t)
        param_format += "f"

        # Add effect-specific params
        for param in compiled.params:
            val = params.get(param.name, param.default)
            if val is None:
                val = 0
            if param.wgsl_type == 'f32':
                param_values.append(float(val))
                param_format += "f"
            elif param.wgsl_type == 'i32':
                param_values.append(int(val))
                param_format += "i"
            elif param.wgsl_type == 'u32':
                param_values.append(int(val))
                param_format += "I"

        # Pad to 16-byte alignment
        param_bytes = struct.pack(param_format, *param_values)
        while len(param_bytes) % 16 != 0:
            param_bytes += b'\x00'

        self._device.queue.write_buffer(buffers['params'], 0, param_bytes)

        # Create bind group (unfortunately this can't be easily reused with different effects)
        bind_group = self._device.create_bind_group(
            layout=pipeline.get_bind_group_layout(0),
            entries=[
                {"binding": 0, "resource": {"buffer": buffers['input']}},
                {"binding": 1, "resource": {"buffer": buffers['output']}},
                {"binding": 2, "resource": {"buffer": buffers['params']}},
            ]
        )

        # Dispatch compute
        encoder = self._device.create_command_encoder()
        compute_pass = encoder.begin_compute_pass()
        compute_pass.set_pipeline(pipeline)
        compute_pass.set_bind_group(0, bind_group)

        # Workgroups: ceil(w/16) x ceil(h/16)
        wg_x = (w + 15) // 16
        wg_y = (h + 15) // 16
        compute_pass.dispatch_workgroups(wg_x, wg_y, 1)
        compute_pass.end()

        self._device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()])

        # Read back result
        result_data = self._device.queue.read_buffer(buffers['output'])
        result_packed = np.frombuffer(result_data, dtype=np.uint32).reshape(h, w)

        # Unpack u32 -> RGB
        result = np.zeros((h, w, 3), dtype=np.uint8)
        result[:, :, 0] = ((result_packed >> 16) & 0xFF).astype(np.uint8)
        result[:, :, 1] = ((result_packed >> 8) & 0xFF).astype(np.uint8)
        result[:, :, 2] = (result_packed & 0xFF).astype(np.uint8)

        return result

    def _apply_effect(
        self,
        frame: np.ndarray,
        effect_name: str,
        params: Dict,
        t: float,
        analysis_data: Dict,
    ) -> np.ndarray:
        """Apply a single effect to a frame."""
        # Resolve bindings in params
        resolved_params = {"_time": t}
        for key, value in params.items():
            if key in ("effect", "effect_path", "cid", "analysis_refs"):
                continue
            resolved_params[key] = self._resolve_binding(value, t, analysis_data)

        # Try GPU first
        self._ensure_device()
        if self._device is not None:
            result = self._apply_effect_gpu(frame, effect_name, resolved_params, t)
            if result is not None:
                return result

        # Fall back to numpy
        return self._numpy_fallback._apply_effect(
            frame, effect_name, params, t, analysis_data
        )

    def process_frame(
        self,
        frames: List[np.ndarray],
        effects_per_frame: List[List[Dict]],
        compositor_config: Dict,
        t: float,
        analysis_data: Dict,
    ) -> np.ndarray:
        """Process frames through effects and composite."""
        if not frames:
            return np.zeros((720, 1280, 3), dtype=np.uint8)

        processed = []

        # Apply effects to each input frame
        for i, (frame, effects) in enumerate(zip(frames, effects_per_frame)):
            result = frame.copy()
            for effect_config in effects:
                effect_name = effect_config.get("effect", "")
                if effect_name:
                    result = self._apply_effect(
                        result, effect_name, effect_config, t, analysis_data
                    )
            processed.append(result)

        # Composite layers (use numpy backend for now)
        if len(processed) == 1:
            return processed[0]

        return self._numpy_fallback._composite(
            processed, compositor_config, t, analysis_data
        )


# Keep GLSLBackend as alias for backwards compatibility
GLSLBackend = WGPUBackend


def get_backend(name: str = "numpy", **kwargs) -> Backend:
    """
    Get a backend by name.

    Args:
        name: "numpy", "wgpu", or "glsl" (alias for wgpu)
        **kwargs: Backend-specific options

    Returns:
        Backend instance
    """
    if name == "numpy":
        return NumpyBackend(**kwargs)
    elif name in ("wgpu", "glsl", "gpu"):
        return WGPUBackend(**kwargs)
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown backend: {name}")