diff --git a/sexp_effects/primitive_libs/streaming_gpu.py b/sexp_effects/primitive_libs/streaming_gpu.py
index bcc3a99..3d7fa8e 100644
--- a/sexp_effects/primitive_libs/streaming_gpu.py
+++ b/sexp_effects/primitive_libs/streaming_gpu.py
@@ -899,7 +899,12 @@ def prim_fused_pipeline(img, effects_list, **dynamic_params):
 
     if not _FUSED_KERNELS_AVAILABLE:
         # Fallback: apply effects one by one
-        result = img
+        # Wrap in GPUFrame if needed (GPU functions expect GPUFrame objects)
+        if isinstance(img, GPUFrame):
+            result = img
+        else:
+            on_gpu = hasattr(img, '__cuda_array_interface__')
+            result = GPUFrame(img, on_gpu=on_gpu)
         for effect in effects_list:
             op = effect['op']
             if op == 'rotate':